usually interact for multiple generations. Ihis long- term interaction creates a

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usually interact for multiple generations. Ihis long- term interaction creates an opportunity for the populations to co-evolve. A plant species whose leaves are consumed by insects may evolve a morphological defense such as increased toughness spines, or trichomes. In response, some of the herbivore species may evolve mouth parts that can handle spines, whereas others may consume other species instead. In addition to morphological defenses, antipredator defenses can be chemical developmental, or behavioral. Behavioral changes include altering the time of activity to a period where the predator is less active. For example species may not replace above-ground vegetation when herbivores are present. By dying back to for some part of the year, it may be more likely to coexist with the herbivore population. The will have to diversify its diet if it is to survive. Primary producers Figure7-1 Effects of Predators on Individual Prey Behavio The behavior patterns of prey reflect a balance between the actions necessary for survival and inherent in those actions. For example, an animal must feed, but searching for food to its own predators. The animal might balance this risk by hiding during some of the time it feeding, thus shortening the total time it has to feed. Decisions about whether to feed cr potential predators are extremely important for most organisms. Starvation is a frequent mortality in natural populations because food supplies are usually insufficient to support all and offspring born in each generation. Juvenile organisms use nutrients for growt will make itv ture organisms) direct any energy beyond that needed for basic metabolism into reprodu organism can reproduce sooner than other organisms in the population, or leave more surviving than the average for the population, its genes will increase in future generations. So higher feeding rates lead to greater potential fitness, ifthe organism survives to reproduce. The costs and benefits of feeding are easily outlined using a simple terrestrial food web example (Figure 7-2). In such food webs, the primary producers are usually green plants, the primary consumers are herbivorous insects such as grasshoppers or beetles, and the predators may be other grassho insects or vertebrates (such as birds) to name just two From the perspective of a grasshopper, food is often abundant. However, to feed, the grasshopper must climb onto the plant's branches where it is more visible to bird predators than it would be if it simply sheltered at the base of the plant. Thus, the grasshopper incurs a potential several plan cost, the risk of death, each time it feeds How much time should a grasshopper spend feeding? If more food s more offspring but also greater predation risk, how might an

Explanation / Answer

Such warning behaviours occurs only in group that are genetically related, because the individual kins are being protected which propagate and mate among themselves thereby carrying same set of genes thereby enhancing its fitness.They conserve their gene pool -diverse and varied,This also creates an oppurtunities for bringing up their own population.This behavior would not be displayed to protect individuals that not closely related.

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