14. What are the steps in the digestion of fats? 15. What are the properties of
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14. What are the steps in the digestion of fats? 15. What are the properties of digestive enzymes? 16. What properties of ATP make it work well as the energy currency in cells? 17. How do cells carry out the oxidation of carbon compounds in cells to generate metabolic energy? 18. Which secondary carrier could have aided in the oxidation reaction shown below? 0 R' R' eainoent sesl 19·In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. What high-energy compound and electron carrier transformations needed to convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate?Explanation / Answer
14. Digestion:
The Bile salts from the liver is useful for emulsifying the fat in the small intestine, meaning that it breaks it into very small droplets so that they can be acted on by the enzymes.
Pancreas produces lipases and pour into the small intestine to break the ester bond in the triglyceride.
Absorption:
Glycerol and fatty acids is absorbed by the lacteals on the lining of the small intestine.
Transport:
They move with the lymph till it is poured into the blood stream in the thoracic duct near the vena cava.
15. Properties of Digestive Enzymes
1. They work very rapidly
2. They Work In Either Direction
3. Enzymes Are Not Destroyed Or Altered By The Reactions They Catalyze
4. They are Sensitive to pH Change
5. Enzymes Are Specific In Their Action
6. They are inactivated by Excessive Heat
16 .Properties that make ATP the energy currency of the cell
17. Proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that make up most of the food that is eaten has to be broken down into smaller molecules so that our cells can use them— as a source of energy or use as building blocks for other molecules. The breakdown processes must act on food taken in from outside, but not on the macromolecules inside our own cells.
First stage in the process of enzymatic breakdown of food molecules is therefore digestion, which occurs either in our intestine outside cells, or in a specialized organelle within cells, the lysosome. In either case, the large polymeric molecules in food are broken down during digestion into their monomer subunits—proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol—through the action of enzymes. After digestion, the small organic molecules derived from food enter the cytosol of the cell, where their gradual oxidation begins. oxidation occurs in two further stages of cellular catabolism:
Next step starts in the cytosol and ends in the major energy-converting organelle, the mitochondrion;
stage 3 is entirely confined to the mitochondrion.
18. Cobalt(II)bis[3-(salicylideneamino) propyl] methylamine
19. HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND IS ATP
Carrier transfromations-
Glucose enter the heterotrophic cell in two ways. One method isby secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other used mechanism is a group of integral proteins kwnown as GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose. Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It was probably one of the earliest metabolic pathways to evolve since it is used by nearly all of the organisms on earth. The process does not use oxygen and is, therefore, anaerobic.
Glycolysis is the first of the main metabolic pathways of cellular respiration to produce energy in the form of ATP.
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