13. (Learning Objective 7) In the Calvin cycle carbon fixation occurs. This mean

Question

13. (Learning Objective 7) In the Calvin cycle carbon fixation occurs. This means that: ACarbon atoms and other minerals from the soil are pulled into the plant by the roots B. Carbon atoms from gas (such as CO2) are added to a carbon chain. C. Reduced carbon atoms (such as carbon found in sugars) are oxidized to create NADPH D A and C E. B and C 14. (Learning Objectives 62) What is the proton motive force? The force required to remove an electron from hydrogen B.)The transmembrane proton concentration gradient The force required to split water in photosynthesis D.The removal of hydrogen from NADH. -The addition of hydrogen to NAD. 15. (Learning objective 58) The part of coenzyme A highlighted by the rectangular box was derived from a: A. lipid carbohydrate nucleotide D. amino acid coenzyme A 16. (Learning objective 60) Emperor penguins live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the Antarctic ocean. During their breeding season, these penguins migrate across the frozen continent to breeding grounds that are often 50 miles from their food. For over 2 months, each male emperor penguin cares for and incubates an egg while the females are at sea. The males can lose up to 50% of their body mass during this time, and some will starve to death. Where does the ss go? A)The mass is mostly released as carbon dioxide and water. B. The mass is mostly converted to energy and used up. C. The mass is mostly converted to ATP molecules. D. The mass is mostly broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body E. The mass is mostly converted to urine and feces and eliminated from the body 17. (Learning Objective 53) The following reaction is not a reversible reaction. It is an example of B Substrate Level phosphorylation Noncyclic photophosphorylation Cyclic photophosphorylation H OH H OH E None of the above ATP ADP

Explanation / Answer

13. B. carbon atoms from the gas (such as Co2) are added to a carbon chain

The conversion of inorganic carbon such as CO2 to organic molecules like glucose is called carbon fixation. The photosynthesis which occurs in plants is an example of carbon fixation. Photosynthesis consists of two phases light phase and dark phase. In light phase the chlorophyll molecules which present in the chloroplast capture the light and synthesize the NDPH and ATP. The dark phase is a thermochemical process occurs in the stroma and in this phase the products of light phase i.e. ATP, NADPH are utilized to fix the CO2. In plants, the CO2 fixation occurs by cavin cycle. For the fixation of 6 molecules of CO2 by Calvin cycle requires 18ATP and 12NADPH are required.

14. B. The transmembrane proton concentration gradient

Proton motive force is also referred to as electrochemical gradient which is generated due to the concentration difference of protons across the membrane. In the mitochondria, ATP synthase complex uses the proton motive force to synthesis the ATP

15. Nucleotide

Nucleotide: it is a basic monomeric unit of DNA, RNA, and part of several coenzymes. Each nucleotide made up of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate moiety.

16. A. the mass is mostly released as carbon dioxide and water

In animal such as male penguins under starvation conditions, the body fat is a sole energy source. In the body, the storage form of energy is triglycerides which are stored as fat in adipose tissue. Under starvation conditions, the fatty acids from triglycerides are released and degraded by beta-oxidation in mitochondria. The acetyl COA is the end product of beta-oxidation which enter into the Krebs cycle and generate the energy, CO2. During the degradation of fat, some amount of metabolic water also produced. Due to the usage of fat under starvation conditions, the body weight of penguins will reduce.

17. None of the above.

Conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate is first rate-limiting step of the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by the hexokinase enzyme. In this reaction highly stable glucose molecule is activated so that it can degrade by the glycolytic enzymes.

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