Explain how the Red Queen’s catchphrase, “It takes all the running you can do to

Question

Explain how the Red Queen’s catchphrase, “It takes all the running you can do to stay in the same place,” describes co-evolution between competing species.

a When a sexually reproducing species and an asexually reproducing species compete for the same resources, they both “run [evolve] in the same place” because the increased genetic variation in the sexually reproducing species balances the loss in energy it uses to find and attract mates.

b When one species gains an advantage with a favorable variation, selection increases on another species with which it competes. This species must also develop an advantage or it will be outcompeted. The two species “run [evolve] to stay in the same place.”

c When one species develops a mutation that decreases its ability to survive, a competing species will become better able to survive even though it has not changed in any way. In effect, this species “runs [evolves] to stay in the same place.”

d When two asexually reproducing species encounter rapid environmental change, the species that is also able to reproduce sexually will outcompete the other. This way it can “run [evolve] to stay in the same place.”

Explanation / Answer

According to Red queen hypothesis "to hold your place you have to run always". Relation of predator and prey, symbiosis between insect and plant, human immune system are examples of red queen hypothesis where changes in one organism comes due to another organism with which it competes. This brings co-evolution and if changes are favourable they evolve to stay in the same place. So the answer is b.

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