1. What is a chromosome composed of? A) DNA in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes B
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1. What is a chromosome composed of? A) DNA in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes B) RNA in prokaryotes and DNA in eukaryotes C) Protein in both eukaryotes and eukaryotes D) DNA in a prokaryote and DNA and protein in a Consider the following cross for Question 7 and 8: 7. What does each pair of letters (Dd or dd) in this cross represent? eukaryote DNA in a prokaryote and DNA and RNA in a E) A) The allele for a single gene on one homologous eukaryote 2. Which is an accurate statement about the genetic contenst in individual cukaryotic chromosomes? B) C) The alleles for a single gene found on chromosome in a haploid cell The alleles for two different genes found on two homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell A) Each contains only I gene B) Each contains no more than 3 genes C) Each contains hundreds of genes D) The alleles for a single gene found on one chromosome in potential zygotes D) Each chromosome contains two alleles for each gene s. What is the genotype and phenotype for the paret C and D are both correct represented by Dd? Examine the molecule to the right for Question 3. A) Heterozygous expeessing the dominant trait B) Heterozygous expressing the recessive trait C) Heterozygous expressing the dominant AND D) Homozygous dominant expressing the dominant Part A E) Homozygous recessive expressing the recessive trait OH 9. Genetic disorders, such as achondroplasia, can be passed from generation to generation. What type of cell carries the 3. When this monomer polymerizes, an enzyme catalyzes the formation of bonds H Partalleles coding for this disease to the offipring? between each monomer. Where do the bonds between monomers occur? B) Somatic cells A) Between Part A and Part C of the two monomers B) Between Part A and Part A of the two monomers C) Between Part A and Part B of the two monomers 10. What is newly formed after DNA replication in a diploid D) Between Part A and Part C of the two monomers cel E) Between Part B and Part C of the two monomers Both gametes and somatic cells Homologous pairs Gametes C) Sister chromatids D) Spindke apparatus 4. What structures are separated in mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis 11? 11. What is NOT a function of RNA in the cell? A) Hold genetic information in the macleus B) Transfer genetic information out of the nocleus C) Catalyze protein polymerization D) Carry appropriate protein building blocks E) All of these are functions of RNA in the cell A) Nucleotides, homologs, sister chromatids respectively B) Sister chromatids, homologs, and sister chromatids, C) Homologs AND sister chromatids, sister chromatids, 12. What structural characteristic distinguishes mucleic acids from lipids? D) Only sister chromatids are separated in all three They have large hydrophobic regions They contain fatty acid tails They contain at least four hydrocarbon rings They contain phosphate They contain phosphate, nitrogen, AND sugars A) E) Homologs AND sister chromatids are separated n all B) C) D) E) three processes S. You gather cells from 100 different eukaryotic, sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms. What type of ploidy will you observe most often in these cells? A) Diploid B) Haploid C) Aneuploid D) Polyploid 13. There are 21 known alleles for a gene controlling petal 6. What would most likely happen if a cell were unable to produce histone proteins? shape in a population of clover. If the clover species is have which of the following for the petal shape gene? diploid, then any single individual cell of that clover must A) B) C) Amplification of other genes would compensate for C) up to, but not more than, 7 different traits in the The cell's DNA couldn't be packed into its nucleus Spindle fibers would not form during prophase A) up to 7 chromosomes for that gene in each cel B) up to 7 genes for that trait in each cell phenotype the lack of histones Homologous chromosomes would not undergo synapsis D) at most, 2 alleles for that gene in each cell E) a haploid number of 7 chromosomes in each cell D)Explanation / Answer
1. A. DNA in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA is the genetic material in all the living forms (except some viruses which have RNA as the genetic material). So, the chromosome contains DNA in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. However, the chromosomes of eukaryotes also contain histone proteins and that of prokaryotes contain non-histone proteins which help in packaging of DNA.
2. C. Each contains hundreds of genes.
Individual eukaryotic genes contains very high number (hundreds) of genes. In eukaryotes, there are two copies of each chromosome which in turn contains one allele each of each gene. So, each chromosome contains one allele of a gene.
3. A. Between Part A and Part C of each of the two monomers.
During polymerization of the nucleotides there is formation of phospho-diester bond between the phosphate group (Part A) and deoxyribose sugar (Part C).
4. B. Sister chromatids, homologs and sister chromatids respectively
During mitosis, the sister chromatids of the chromosomes are separated, so the daughter cells get equal number of chromosomes as the mother cell. During meiosis I, the homologs from each homologous chromosome pair are separated, thus resulting in making half the chromosome number. During meiosis II, the sister chromatids from each already separated homolgs are separated.
5. A. Diploid
Most of the eukaryotic multicellular organisms are diploid in nature (exception being some plants which show polyploidy). The somatic cells (which comprise of the major portion of the body) of such organisms are diploid and only the gametic cells are haploid. So, if samples are collected from such organisms, most often one will find diploid cells.
6. A. The cell's DNA couldn't be packed into the nucleus.
Histones are positively charged proteins which associate with the DNA (which contain negative charge) and help in the formation of nucleosomes. The nucleosomes are further packed, ultimately resulting in chromatin which allows the accomodation of DNA in the nucleus. Thus, if no histones are there, the packaging of DNA will be affected.
7. C. The alleles for a single gene found on two homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
D and d represent the two alleles of one gene. Since a diploid cell contains two copies of the chromosomes, there are two alleles present on each homologous chromosome.
8. A. Heterozygous expressing the dominant trait.
The individual contains two different alleles of the same gene (i.e. D and d), so he/she is heterozygous. D is dominant over d, so phenotype of this individual will be that of dominant type.
9. A. Gametes
The offsprings receive genetic information from the parents only through the gametic cells. So, any mutation which occurs in the gametic cell is passed on the next generation, while that of occuring in the somatic cells are not passed on to the offspings.
10. C. Sister chromatids
The diploid cells contain two copies of the chromosomes (i.e. homolgous chromosomes). During DNA replication, each chromosome is duplicated resulting in the formation of sister chromatids, which are joined with each other at the centromere.
11. A. Hold genetic information in the nucleus.
Genetic information is stored and maintained in the form of DNA (not RNA) inside the nucleus.
12. E. They contain phosphate, nitrogen and sugars.
Nucleotides contain pentose sugars (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G,U) and phosphate group.
13. D. at most, 2 alleles for that gene in each cell
Since a diploid cell contains two copies of the chromosomes, there are two alleles present on each homologous chromosome. So, irrespective of the total number of alleles of any gene, only two alleles will be present in a diploid cell.
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