question#1 : List and describe the power quality issues associated with voltage.

Question

question#1: List and describe the power quality issues associated with voltage.

question#2: List and describe the power quality issues associated with frequency.

question#3: Explain techniques used by power companies to correct power quality.

question#4: Explain why energy demand is cyclic.

question#5: Explain why trading power between utility companies is a common occurrence.

question#6: List and explain the different causes of blackouts.

note: please type answers( if you cannot type, don't answer please)

Explanation / Answer

Q1-power quality issues related with voltage are:

Voltage surges/spike:A rise that may be nearly instantaneous(spike) or takes place over a longer duration(surge).Voltage surge is when the voltage is 110% or more above normal level.

Voltage dips:Short duration under-voltages are called voltage dips.

Undervoltage:Excessive network loading,loss of generation,incorrectly set transformer taps cause under-voltages.

High voltage spike:These occur when there is a sudden voltage peak over 6000 volts.

Q2-Freq issues.

A frequency variation involves a change in frequency from the normally stable utility freq of 50/60 Hz, depending on your geographic location. It happens due to erratic operation of emergency generators or unstable freq power sources.

Q3- i) Grounding and bonding integrity

ii)proper wiring

iii)power conditioning equipments eg. Filters, isolation transformer, voltage regulator, UPS

Q4-The energy demand in the grid varies by the time of day, the day of the week. So it get repeated after every one cycle completed. It shows a particular pattern as during the day hours load is peak and during night house low is relatively low. It get repeated every day.

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