In a paragraph, explain the principles of simple reflexes and complex reflexes,
ID: 210219 • Letter: I
Question
In a paragraph, explain the principles of simple reflexes and complex reflexes, and explain how reactions work. What did you learn from this experiment about latency of reaction times? Briefly describe the techniques you used to measure these variables
Reaction Times
Required Equipment
LabChart software
PowerLab Data Acquisition Unit
Push Button Switch
Finger Pulse Transducer
Medical tape
Exercise 1: Reaction Time to a Visual Cue
In this exercise, you will measure the volunteer’s reaction time to a visual cue.
Connect the Push Button Switch to Input 1 and the Finger Pulse Transducer to Input 2 on the front panel of the PowerLab (Figure 1). The hardware needs to be connected before you open the settings file.
Figure 1. Equipment Setup for PowerLab 26T
Wrap the Velcro strap around the Finger Pulse Transducer to cover its diaphragm. This protects the transducer from hard tapping.
Place the Finger Pulse Transducer on the laboratory bench with the diaphragm facing up. Make sure it is in a place where it will not be bumped accidentally. Keep the transducer in place with a piece of medical tape across the cable.
Click the “Home” button on the lower left corner of the screen. Open the settings file “Reaction Time Settings” from the Experiments tab in the Welcome Center. It will be located in the folder for this experiment.
Instruct the volunteer to click the Push Button Switch as soon as he/she sees you tap the Finger Pulse Transducer. Hold your hand over the transducer, but do not touch it.
Start recording.
Note: The system will record for 0.75 s when it receives a signal from the Finger Pulse Transducer.
This should be long enough for the volunteer to respond by pressing the Push Button Switch.
Recording will stop automatically after ten data blocks are recorded.
After a delay of 1-4 s, tap the Finger Pulse Transducer without warning the volunteer. Repeat this step a total of 10 times. Make sure the taps are given without warning and at unpredictable intervals in the range of 1-4 s.
Right click in Channel 1 and select Add Comment from the pop up menu. Enter the comment “exercise 1” and Add the comment. Save your data, but do not close the file.
Analysis Exercise 1: Reaction Time to a Visual Cue
1. Use Scope View to examine the data. Note that in Scope View each block of data is one page (Figure 2). Autoscale, if necessary.
Figure 2. Reaction Time to a Visual Cue in Scope View
2. Select page 1, the first block of data for Exercise 1. Move the Overlay Pages Slider to the right to overlay the 10 blocks (pages) of data from this exercise (Figure 2). Note that there is some variability in the volunteer’s reaction time.
3. Move the Waveform Cursor until it is over the start of the response. The time is shown above and to the right of the trace. This is the reaction time. Record the reaction time in Table 1 under the heading “Visual Cue”.
4. Select Page 2 and repeat step 3 to measure reaction time.
5. Repeat this procedure for all of the data blocks completed in the exercise.
6. Find the mean and standard deviation of the reaction time by deleting the longest and shortest values (and using the remaining eight values). Enter the mean and standard deviation in Table 1 at the bottom of the “Visual Cue” column.
Exercise 2: Reaction Time with a Warning
In this exercise, you will measure the volunteer’s reaction time to a visual cue given immediately after a verbal prompt.
Start recording. The system will begin recording when it receives a signal from the Finger Pulse Transducer.
After a delay of 1-4 s, warn the volunteer verbally by saying “ready” immediately before tapping the transducer. The volunteer is to click the Push Button Switch as before. Repeat this for a total of 10 times. Make sure the taps are at unpredictable intervals in the range of 1-4 s. Recording will stop automatically after the 10 data blocks have been recorded.
Right click in Channel 1 and select Add Comment from the pop up menu. Enter the comment “exercise 2” and Add the comment. Save your data, but do not close the file.
Analysis Exercise 2: Reaction Time with a Warning
1. Use Scope View to examine the data for exercise 2. Autoscale, if necessary. Note that there is some variability in the volunteer’s reaction time.
2. Now that you know how to manually measure reaction time you can use LabChart to measure it for you and enter these values in the Data Pad.
3. Open the Data Pad. Click on the top of the Channel 3 Column. This will open the Data Pad Column C Setup dialog (Figure 3). In the left-hand pane, choose Statistics. From the right-hand pane, select Time at Maximum. In the ‘Calculate using this channel:’ field, select ‘Response’ (the name of Channel 1).
Figure 3. Data Pad Column Setup Dialog – click on the gray column header to open this dialog.
4. In Chart View Highlight the 10 blocks of data for this exercise. Select Multiple Add to Data Pad from the Commands menu. Select Find using: Event marker, and Step through: Current selection as shown in Figure 4 below.
Figure 4. Multiple Add to Data Pad dialog – select Event marker.
5. Finally, in the Multiple Add to Data Pad dialog, click Add. The reaction times for each block will be added to the Data Pad. Record the reaction times in Table under the heading “With Warning”.
6. Find the mean and standard deviation of the reaction time by deleting the longest and shortest values (and using the remaining eight values). Enter the mean and standard deviation in Table 1 at the bottom of the “With Warning” column.
Exercise 3: Reaction Time to Predictable Cues
In this exercise, you will measure the volunteer’s reaction time to a cue given at regular intervals.
Start recording. The system will begin recording when it receives a signal from the Finger Pulse Transducer.
Instead of a verbal warning, tap the Finger Pulse Transducer in a regular rhythm, such as every two seconds. The volunteer is to click the Push Button Switch as before. Repeat this for a total of 10 times. The LabChart software will record in the same manner as Exercise 1 and 2.
Right click in Channel 1 and select Add Comment from the pop up menu. Enter the comment “exercise 3” and Add the comment. Save your data, but do not close the file.
Analysis Exercise 3: Reaction Time to Predictable Cues
1. Use Scope View to examine the data for exercise 3. Autoscale, if necessary. Note the variability in the volunteer’s reaction time.
2. In Chart View Highlight the 10 blocks of data for this exercise. Open the Data Pad. Select Multiple Add to Data Pad from the Commands menu. The reaction times for each block will be added to the Data Pad. Record the reaction times in Table 1 under the heading “Predictable”.
3. Find the mean and standard deviation of the reaction time by deleting the longest and shortest values (and using the remaining eight values). Enter the mean and standard deviation in Table 1 at the bottom of the “Predictable” column.
Exercise 4: Reaction Time with a Distracting Task
In this exercise, you will measure the volunteer’s reaction time while they are doing mental math.
Start recording. The system will begin recording when it receives a signal from the Finger Pulse Transducer.
Ask the volunteer to count down from 100 by 7s repeatedly as fast as possible. The volunteer should say each number aloud. For example, the volunteer will say 100, 93, 86, etc.
After a delay of 1-4 s, tap the Finger Pulse Transducer without warning the volunteer. The volunteer is to click the Push Button Switch as before. Repeat this step a total of 10 times. Make sure the taps are given without warning and at unpredictable intervals in the range of 1-4 s. The LabChart software will record in the same manner as before.
Right click in Channel 1 and select Add Comment from the pop up menu. Enter the comment “exercise 4” and Add the comment. Save your data, but do not close the file.
Analysis Exercise 4: Reaction Time with a Distracting Task
1. Use Scope View to examine the data for exercise 4. Autoscale, if necessary. Note the variability in the volunteer’s reaction time.
2. In Chart View Highlight the 10 blocks of data for this exercise. Open the Data Pad. Select Multiple Add to Data Pad from the Commands menu. The reaction times for each block will be added to the Data Pad. Record the reaction times in Table 1 under the heading “With Distraction”.
3. Find the mean and standard deviation of the reaction time by deleting the longest and shortest values (and using the remaining eight values). Enter the mean and standard deviation in Table 1 at the bottom of the “With Distraction” column.
Exercise 5: Reaction Time to an Auditory Cue
In this exercise, you will measure the volunteer’s reaction time to a sound.
Have the volunteer face away from the monitor and Finger Pulse Transducer to avoid visual cues. Make sure they are close enough to hear you tapping on the transducer. You want to tap on the transducer so a sound can be heard clearly, but you do not want to damage the transducer. Practice a couple times to make sure your method is heard by the volunteer.
Start recording. The system will begin recording when it receives a signal from the Finger Pulse Transducer.
After a delay of 1-4 s, tap the Finger Pulse Transducer without warning the volunteer. The volunteer is to click the Push Button Switch as soon as the tap on the Finger Pulse Transducer is heard. Repeat this step a total of 10 times. Make sure the taps are given without warning and at unpredictable intervals in the range of 1-4 s. The LabChart software will record in the same manner as before.
Right click in Channel 1 and select Add Comment from the pop up menu. Enter the comment “exercise 5” and Add the comment. Save your data.
Analysis Exercise 5: Reaction Time to an Auditory Cue
1. Use Scope View to examine the data for exercise 8. Autoscale, if necessary. Note the variability in the volunteer’s reaction time.
2. In Chart View Highlight the 10 blocks of data for this exercise. Open the Data Pad. Select Multiple Add to Data Pad from the Commands menu. The reaction times for each block will be added to the Data Pad. Record the reaction times in Table 1 under the heading “Auditory Cue.”
3. Find the mean and standard deviation of the reaction time by deleting the longest and shortest values (and using the remaining eight values). Enter the mean and standard deviation in Table 1 at the bottom of the “Auditory Cue”.
Explanation / Answer
Answer) Reflex is an involuntary action or movement in response to some stimuli. stimulus is perceived via the receptor and traveled through neuron to analyzing center and again from the analyzing center to the motor neuron or effector. the typical reflex action is depicted below;
stimulus---> receptor---> sensory neuron---> spinal cord---> motor neuron---> effector (muscle or gland)
Simple reflex- It is a reflex action, that does not require the involvement of the brain. stimulus information is directly analyzed by the spinal cord and the response is obtained via the effector organ. such example is "knee-jerk upon tapping a hammer on the knee"
Complex reflex- It is also called as conditional reflex as it requires the processing of stimulus information via the brain. it is involved in the learning process as it is seen based on the condition of stimulus. such example is "Salivation on getting our favorite food's smell".
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