7. Bacteria can pass on genetic information by transduction, transformation and

Question

7. Bacteria can pass on genetic information by transduction, transformation and conjugation. a. What does 'competency" mean? b. What is the difference between F plasmid and F plasmid? c. What is the difference between general transduction and specialized transduction? 8. There are many differences between viruses that infect eukaryotes and viruses that infect prokaryotes especially in how they enter and infect a host cell. Give FIVE differences between these two viral types. How do you think viruses evolved? a. b. 9. Create a dichotomous key to positively identify the following objects: a. Red cabbage b. Green lettuce c. Green grapes d. Red grapes e. Red apples f. Green apples 8. Pumpkin h. Fish

Explanation / Answer

Answer 1:

a. competency in terms of microbiology it is the ability of a cell to alter its genetic material by taking up extracellular(Naked) DNA from its environment in the process called as Transformation.

Competence may be differentiated between :

A.Natural competence

B.Artificial competence.

b. F- plasmid ( fertility factor) is an episome (a plasmid that integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination with the length of about 100kb.

F' plasmid low transfer of donor chromosomal gene.

Answer 2:

c. General transduction:

This a method in which the genes are allowed to be transferred from one bacterial cell to another. In this case virus accidentally transfer the genes.

Specialized transduction:

This is the method in which the life cycle of a phage involves an extra step that is different from the typical life cycle.

Answer 3:

VIRUS EVOLUTION

Viral evolution is a sub

field of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times and many, in particular RNA viruses, have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication). This elevated mutation rate, when combined with natural selection, allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. In addition, most viruses provide many offspring, so any mutated genes can be passed on to a large number of offspring in a short time. Although the chance of mutations and evolution can change depending on the type of virus(double stranded DNA, double stranded RNA, single strand DNA, etc.), viruses overall have high chances for mutations.

Viral evolution is an important aspect of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza (influenza virus), AIDS (HIV), and hepatitis (e.g. HCV). The rapidity of viral mutation also causes problems in the development of successful vaccines and antiviral drugs, as resistant mutations often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of a treatment.

Answer 2 a.

eukaryotic virus and prokaryotic virus

Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents, which can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses are composed of a nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein coat, also known as capsid. The capsids of most eukaryotic viruses consist of a number of different proteins. Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria can be infected by viruses, known as bacteriophages. Eukaryotic cells and their viruses carry out processes same as bacteriophages but the processes are not similar in all aspect, some processes are found only in eukaryotes and their viruses i.e., RNA processing and protein modification (proteolytic cleavage, glycosylation and phosphorylation). Many viruses are pathogenic and cause destruction of the host cell leading to disease in humans and other organisms.

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