1. Draw an accurate, up-to-date phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of th

Question

1. Draw an accurate, up-to-date phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the six kingdoms of living things. 3 pts) 2. What is the evolutionary significance of Protista? (2 pts) 3. Protista are generally classified as "fungal-like", “plant-like", and "animal-like". Give a specific example for each group and describe the feature that makes your protist belong in that group (ie. for your example of a "plant-like" protist; name it and tell what feature(s) makes it “plant-like"). (3 pts) 4. Compare and contrast three major biological differences between plants and fungus (3pts)

Explanation / Answer

2. Evolutionary significance of protista:

a. They are single-celled also known as unicellular eukaryotic organisms, the well-defined nucleus with well defined membrane-bounded organelle.

b.This kingdom forms a link with other kingdoms dealing with plants, animals, and fungi.

Answer 3:

a. Plant-like protists

1. They are mainly 'Autotrophs' which are capable of making their own food through 'Photosynthesis', but some are both autotrophic and heterotrophic,

example of plant-like protist is Euglena.

2. Their cell contains chloroplasts that contain a green pigment,'CHLOROPHYLL' to absorb sunlight. Most plant-like protistist are single celled, but some live in colonies are ' MULTICELLULAR making up red,brown(seaweed and kelp), and green algae.

B. Animal like protists:

1.Animal-like protists are called as 'PROTOZOA' because they are considered primitive' animals.

2.They are heterotrophs because they cannot make their own food.

example of animal like protists is Paramecium.

3.They are mainly classified based on their locomotion:

a. Flagella: whip-like tail, eg: Euglena

b. Celia: tiny hairs, eg: Paramecium

c. Pseudopod: false feet of cytoplasm that allow the protists to ooze or flow, eg: Amoeba

C. Fungal like protists:

1. They are like fungi in that they are heterotrophs that absorb food from dead or decaying organic matter.

2. unlike most true fungi, though fungus like protists have centrioles.

3. They also lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.

Example of fungus-like protists:

a. Slime molds

function:

1. They play key role in recycling the organic materials.

Answer 4:

Comparision between Plant and fungus:

a.fungi are heterotrophic while plants are autotrophic.

b. Fungi have the cell wall of chitin while plants have the cell wall of cellulose.

c. fungi are decomposer while plants are producers.

Similarities between these two are :

a.Both eukaryotic.

b.Both multicellular.

c. Both contain single extentions on the organisms, in fungi, this is hyphae, in plants, these are roots/shoots.

d. Both can reproduce sexually and asexually.

e.Both need water to live.

Answer 6:

Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles. They work together as a unit to bring about effective transportation of food, nutrients, minerals and water.

Comparison chart

Phloem occur on outer side of the vascular bundle.

xylem occupy the center of the vascular bundle.

Answer 7:

Process of photosynthes:

By definition, photosynthesis is a process by which photoautotrophs convert the energy derived from the Sun into usable chemical energy. Light, water, chlorophyll, and carbon dioxide are the basic requirements for this process.

Step 1: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the plant leaf through stomata, i.e., minute epidermal pores in the leaves and stem of plants which facilitate the transfer of various gases and water vapor.

Step 2: Water enters the leaves, primarily through the roots. These roots are especially designed to draw the ground water and transport it to the leaves through the stem.

Step 3: As sunlight falls on the leaf surface, the chlorophyll, i.e., the green pigment present in the plant leaf, traps the energy in it. Interestingly, the green color of the leaf is also attributed to presence of chlorophyll.

Step 4: Then hydrogen and oxygen are produced by converting water using the energy derived from the Sun. Hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide in order to make food for the plant, while oxygen is released through the stomata. Similarly, even algae and bacteria use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to prepare food, while oxygen is let out as a waste product.

The electrons from the chlorophyll molecules and protons from the water molecules facilitate chemical reactions in the cell. These reactions produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which provides energy for cellular reactions, and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diphosphate), essential in plant metabolism.

The entire process can be explained by a single chemical formula.

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O

While we take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide to produce energy, plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen to produce energy.

Photosynthesis has several benefits, not just for the photoautotrophs, but also for humans and animals. The chemical energy stored in plants is transferred to animals and humans when they consume plant matter. It also helps in maintaining a normal level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen present in the atmosphere can be attributed to this process, which also means that respiration and photosynthesis go together.

FORMULA of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O

Phloem versus Xylem comparison chart Phloem Xylem Function Transportation of food and nutrients such as sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plant. This movement of substances is called translocation. Water and mineral transport from roots to aerial parts of the plant. Movement Bidirectional (Moves up or down the plant's stem from "source to sink") Unidirectional (Moves up the plant's stem) Occurrence Roots, stems and leaves. transports sucrose to growth (roots and shoots) and storage regions of the plant (seeds fruit and swollen roots) Roots, stems and leaves Additional Functions Forms vascular bundles with xylem Forms vascular bundles with phloem and gives mechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignin cells. The lignified secondary wall also makes the xylem waterproof and prevent it from collapsing under the pressure of water transpiration Structure Elongated, tubular shape with thin walled sieve tubes. The sieve tubes have pores at each end in the cross walls and microtubulesthat extend between sieve elements allowing longitudinal flow of material. Tubular shape with no cross walls which allows a continuous column of water + facilitates more rapid transport within the xylem vessels. There are two types - protoxylem (first formed xylem) + metaxylem (mature xylem) depending on pattern of lignin. Elements Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma (loosely packed resulting in intercellular spaces which allows gas exchange), bast fibers, intermediary cells, Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem parenchyma (loosely packed resulting in intercellular spaces which allows gas exchange), xylem sclerenchyma Nature of tissue Living tissue with little cytoplasm but no nucleus/tonoplast. Dead tissue at maturity so it is hollow with no cell contents Shape Phloem is not star shaped. Xylem is star shaped. Location in vascular bundle

Phloem occur on outer side of the vascular bundle.

xylem occupy the center of the vascular bundle.

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