1. How is an epiphytic plant different from a parasitic plant? 2.How are mycorrh
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1. How is an epiphytic plant different from a parasitic plant? 2.How are mycorrhizae different from root nodules? 3.What is the main reason for having root nodules or mycorrhizae compared to bring parasitic? 4.What mechanisms do plants have to enhance nutrient uptake? 5. What mechanisms do plants have to prevent being poisoned by heavy metals? 1. How is an epiphytic plant different from a parasitic plant? 2.How are mycorrhizae different from root nodules? 3.What is the main reason for having root nodules or mycorrhizae compared to bring parasitic? 4.What mechanisms do plants have to enhance nutrient uptake? 5. What mechanisms do plants have to prevent being poisoned by heavy metals? 1. How is an epiphytic plant different from a parasitic plant? 2.How are mycorrhizae different from root nodules? 3.What is the main reason for having root nodules or mycorrhizae compared to bring parasitic? 4.What mechanisms do plants have to enhance nutrient uptake? 5. What mechanisms do plants have to prevent being poisoned by heavy metals?Explanation / Answer
1. Epiphytic plants: These plants grow on other plants and get nutrients from the air and dust. Examples of epiphytes are mosses, liverworts, lichens, algae, ferns, orchids etc. These are non-parasitic means not affect host plants negatively while parasitic plants do.
Parasitic Plants: These plants grow on other plants and take the nutrients from the host plant body because are parasitic by nature. Example: Cuscuta.
2. Mycorrhizae: It shows the symbiotic relationship between fungus and roots of vascular plants. This generally shows mutualism. In this fungus protects host plant and host plant provide nutrients to the fungus.
Root nodules: This also shows the symbiotic association(mutualism) like in between the root of leguminous plants and a bacteria of genus Rhizobium. This bacterium involved in nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants so, plants get benefitted while bacteria get nutrients in the form of organic acids from the host plant.
3. By above discussion, we understood that root nodule formation and mycorrhizae are the mutualistic relationships between the two livings so neither of the partners gets negatively affected while they benefit each other while in case of parasitism, host plant gets negatively affected by the parasitic plant.
As host dies parasitic plant dependent on the host will also die so it is not fruitful like the mutualistic relationship.
4. Mechanisms which plants have to enhance nutrient uptake are mycorrhizae, root nodule formation, Parasitism etc. All explained before.
5. Mechanism keeps metal ions out of the plant cells are:
The plants release chelating agents into the soil which form molecular cages around the metal ions making them too bulky to fit through slim ion channels in the cells protective outer cell wall. Alternatively, compounds in the cell wall material(histidyl groups, pectic sites, and certain carbohydrates) bind to the metal ions keeping them away from the cells internal machinery. Of course, these preventive defensive measures can be overwhelmed by high concentrations of the metals of protection are required. When metal ions do get the cell, efflux pumps(heavy metal ATPases and HMAs) actively pump metal ions out of the cells and back into the soil or into isolated spaces within the cell (vacuoles) where they are effectively sequestered. If concentrations of the metals are particularly high, the plant cells will pump the metals into its vascular network so that can be carried to the shoots where they become imprisoned in vacuoles. Metal ions that do get past these defenses can destroy plant cells by producing reactive compounds such as hydrogen peroxide. Presence of these damaging trigger cells to produce defense chemicals that, in turn, scavenge or destroy them.
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