lodel 1-Glvcolvsis CH,pn 2 moleculos Chart Area | in modei 1, wnicn atom is at t
ID: 215940 • Letter: L
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lodel 1-Glvcolvsis CH,pn 2 moleculos Chart Area | in modei 1, wnicn atom is at tne piurai or vertex) indicatea by 2. In model 1, there is a name near each fat arrow. Which type of biological molecule is being named? 3. In model 1, briefly describe what is happening in reactions 1 and 3 4. What does NAD stand for? NADH? Explain the difference between NAD and NADH. 5. In model 1 there is a symbol Pi. What does this stand for? 6. What does ADP stand for? ATP? 7. From the perspective of ATP, how do reactions 7 and 10 differ from reactions 1 and 3? 8. How many ATP are netted during glycolysis? How many NADH are produced? 9. What are the products of the glycolytic reactions? 10. At the end of glycolysis, which molecule contains the original carbons from glucose? 11. In glycolysis, are endergonic and exergonic reactions coupled? Explain and provide examples. 12. Which glycolytic reaction is an oxidation/reduction reaction? Explain your answer 13. Do you expect pyruvate to have more or less free energy than glucose? Why or why not (include in your explanation: if less, Series "Exclosur Value: 18.89 then where has the energy gone, if more, where has it come from)? 14. You are experimenting with a cell that utilizes glucose as an energy source. You have discovered a way to siphon off dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In the presence of glucose, what would you expect to happen to ATP and ADP levels as you siphoned off dihydroxyacetone phosphate? 2-18F-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) (a radioactive modified hexokinase substrate) is used in positron emission tomography (PET) to diagnose malignant tumors. Why do you think this is an effective strategy? 15.Explanation / Answer
1.carbon atom
2.Enzyme ( Catalyzing the reaction)
3.In Step:1 of Glycolysis,the 6-carbon sugar Glucose is converted to Glucose-6.phosphate (G6P).The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Hexokinase.In this process,one phosphate moiety gets removed and transferred to glucose from ATP thereby converting ATP to ADP.
In Step 3 of glycolysis, a phosphate from second ATP is transferred to Fructose 6 phosphate thereby converting it to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.ATP is converted into ADP.This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Phosphofructokinase.
4. NAD+ =Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(oxidized) NADH(reduced form -hence have a hydrogen atom )
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD.
5.Pi -InorganicPhosphate
6.ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate
ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate
7.In reactions 1 and 3, totally 2 ATP molecules are converted to ADP by removal of phosphate moiety.In reactions 7 and 10, 4 ADP molecules are converted into ATP by getting phosphorylated.Thus ATP molecules are generated at the end of glycolysis.
8.ATP=2 molecules, NADH=2 molecules
9.one 3-carbon compound Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) ,2 ATP,2 NADH
10.Pyruvate or pyruvic acid.
11.cells use a strategy called reaction coupling, in which an energetically favorable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable (endergonic) reaction. The linking often happens through a shared intermediate, meaning that a product of one reaction is “picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.
Even a very endergonic reaction can occur if it is paired with a very exergonic one (such as hydrolysis of ATP).
Example: . In the very first steps of glycolysis, glucose is broken down through the process of glycolysis. ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose, creating a high-energy but unstable intermediate. This phosphorylation reaction causes a conformational change that allows enzymes to convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the phosphorylated sugar fructose. Fructose is a necessary intermediate for glycolysis to move forward. In this example, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the endergonic reaction of converting glucose for use in the metabolic pathway.
12. Step 6 of glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized (and simultaneously phosphorylated) to to 1-3-biphosphoglycerate by the enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. In this reaction, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the oxidizing agent. Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is lactate, which is formed from pyruvate or, in fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol. This regenerated the NAD used by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, such that the net result is no oxidation or reduction.
13. One molecule of glucose stores more potential energy than one molecule of pyruvate because in glycolysis, some potential energy of the original glucose molecule is shared between 2 NADH and 2 ATP molecules. Some potential energy is also dissipated as heat.
14.The intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.
15. Chemically, it is 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose, a glucose analog, with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 substituted for the normal hydroxyl group at the C-2 position in the glucose molecule.18F-FDG, as a glucose analog, is taken up by high-glucose-using cells such as brain, brown adipocytes, kidney, and cancer cells, where phosphorylation prevents the glucose from being released again from the cell, once it has been absorbed. The 2-hydroxyl group (—OH) in normal glucose is needed for further glycolysis(metabolism of glucose by splitting it), but 18F-FDG is missing this 2-hydroxyl. Thus, in common with its sister molecule 2-deoxy-D-glucose, FDG cannot be further metabolized in cells. The 18F-FDG-6-phosphate formed when 18F-FDG enters the cell thus cannot move out of the cell before radioactive decay. As a result, the distribution of 18F-FDG is a good reflection of the distribution of glucose uptake and phosphorylation by cells in the body.
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