11. Distinguish between lysosomes and peroxisomes. 12. Describe a mitochondrion
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11. Distinguish between lysosomes and peroxisomes. 12. Describe a mitochondrion and include at least six distinguishing features. 13. Explain the following terms of sporulation: dipicolinic acid, DNA-binding proteins, cortex, spore coat, calcium and vegetative cell. 14. How do prokaryotes reproduce asexually? 15. Compare and contrast the five groups of phototrophic bacteria. 16. Describe characteristics shared by Low G C bacteria, and give a brief description of five genera. 17. What is the nitrogen cycle? How do nitrogen fixers work in that cycle and give three examples of nitrogen fixers. How do nitritying bacteria differ from nitrogen fixers? 18. Proteobacteria is as very large group of Gram- negative bacteria divided into five classes. Pick two classes and describe two genera in each class. 19. Suppose you wanted to use a bacteria for bioremediation of nuclear waste, what bacteria might be a good candidate and why? 20. Which bacteria is predatory on other bacteria and utilizes over 250 enzymes in the bioconversion nrocess?Explanation / Answer
11) Lysosomes main role is intracellular digestion of the cells. It is like the cell's digestive system. Lysosomes are common in the animal cell and rare in plants. Lysosomes are also useful in our bodies. They are present in white blood cells. Their function is to secrete something that would surround as well as digest the bacteria then kill it.
On the other hand, Peroxisomes protect the cell against a major toxic substance (hydrogen peroxide) that also comes inside from the cell. Peroxisomes protects the cells from their own harmful substance. Peroxisomes do this by ruining hydrogen peroxide also converting this into water plus oxygen. Moreover, when hydrogen peroxide kills bacteria, it guard the cell from the hydrogen peroxide only but not the bacteria.
Lysosomes consist of hydrolase. This is an enzyme which is used for digestion. But, Peroxisomes have three oxidative enzymes like catalase, D-amino acid oxidase, also uric acid oxidase.
12) Mitochondria are organs of particular importance. These organelles need to sustain the cell's physiological activities.
1. They are specifically sausage shaped or cylindrical shaped.
2. Each mitochondrion is double membrane organelle with the outer as well as the inner membrane break its lumen into two compartments, i.e., the outer compartment i.e. perimitochondrial space and the inner compartment i.e.matrix.
3. They are present all the body cells except in Red Blood Cells.
4. They are freely floating in the cytoplasm and and present in the regions of high energy requirement.
5. Mitochondria are self replicable i.e. they can multiply independently.
This feature helps replacement of old, worn out and damaged mitochondria with new and healthy mitochondria.
6. Mitochondria contain their own genetic material.
7. The mitochondria are the power house of the cell so that they have many enzyme complex that in series help in energy formation i.e. adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP).
13) A chemical Dipicolinic acid (DPC) that consists of 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores. It is required for the endospore heat resistance. Dipicolinic acid make a complex with calcium ions inside the core of endospore. This complex joins free molecule of water, resulting in spore dehydration. As a result, macromolecules heat resistance inside the core increases. The complex of calcium-dipicolinic acid also functions to guide DNA from heat denaturation by introducing itself between the nucleobases, through increasing the DNA stability.
DNA binding protein: The forespore nucleoid converted to a ringlike structure is because of the production of a group of forespore-specific DNA binding proteins known as small ?/?-type, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), that saturate the forespore chromosome. These proteins also permeate the dormant spore chromosome. The chromosome preserve its ringlike shape in the starting minutes of spore germination but reacts to a condensed spherical form after the ?/?-type SASP are ruined early in spore germination.
14) Prokaryotes reproduce asexually. Produced asexually that a vast majority are genetically similar to their parent, their population genetic variation an be increase by transduction, transformation, as well as conjugation. Each of these processes can enhance genetic variation by DNA transfer from one cell to another even among cells of various species.
Prokaryotic cells produce by a process known as binary fission. The DNA in these cells is consist of a single circular chromosome known as a plasmid within the cytoplasm. The reproductive process initiates with the chromosome replication. The new chromosome attach to the plasma membrane then the both chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
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