Genetics in the News Homework Assignment Biol 136 60 Due: March 29, 2018 (60 poi
ID: 218021 • Letter: G
Question
Genetics in the News Homework Assignment Biol 136 60 Due: March 29, 2018 (60 points) Background: Everyday we hear stories in the news related to genetics. New discoveries about cancer treatments, gene therapy, claims that refute or support GMOs, new genetic tests that are available directly to consumers, to name a few. Some of these stories are based on sound research studies, while others are loosely based on science. The accompanying handout explains the differences between science and pseudoscience and how you can evaluate the difference. One of the best ways to evaluate scientific claims is to consider the source of the information. A primary source is original material presented for the first time by the person(s) who performed the research. (Examples include peer reviewed journal articles, technical reports and dissertations) A secondary source is a description or review of the primary source. (Examples include summary websites like Wikipedia, WebMD, many government websites, books, newspaper and magazine articles). Different sources of information have different degrees of reliability, so when reading news articles about scientific claims, you should always maintain skepticism regarding the claims of evidence. To be reliable, news stories need to be based on reproducible scientific research, not loosely based on science. News stories that report on research published in peer reveiwed journals (primary resources) are the most reliable, as compared to articles citing websites that may describe a scientific breakthrough (a secondary source) without citing the research behing the news Instrueti For this homework assignment you need to 1. 2. Find a recent article in the news about a topic related to genetics that interests you. Read the article. Write a 3-5 paragraph essay summarizing the main points of the article and evaluating whether the report is reliable or you should be cautious about the conclusions of the story. 3. 4. In your essay, answer the following questions: What interests you about the article you chose? Why did you pick the article? How does your article relate to a topic that we have or will be studying in class? What are the main points of the article? Use your OWN WORDS. DO NOT PARAPHRASE! Evaluate the reliability of the information reported in the article by answering these questions: o o o o Is the information current (within the last 2-3 years?) Is the information reported in the article based on a primary or secondary source? Does your article refer to a particular peer reviewed research study? If so, who did the research, where and how was it done? Are references cited? . . " Does the author of your article lack potential conflicts of interest with the information presented? Is the information reported unbiased? Is the intent of the source of the news article known and valid? . . What is your conclusion regarding the reliability of the article? Is the ne reliable or should you be cautious about its conclusions? o ws reportExplanation / Answer
Genome does not like to extremely alter in male germ cells:
Summary:
Researchers address the GTSF1 role in germ cells. The study indicates that GTSF1 is an important cause for biogenesis of secondary piRNA possibly over the step where the complex of PIWI-piRNA grab or balance the target RNA. The analysis gives essential vision on how germ cells of male prevent the genome imbalance result due to enormous retrotransposition.
Because the whole body coded by genome, anyone could normally estimate that mutations should be prevented and that in the genome DNA fidelity is always conserved. The invention of retrotransposons disturbed this assumption. These are DNA sequence element which can copy then paste themselves into other loci of genome. Preferably than being unwanted, evolution has preferred genomes to involve retrotransposons.
Germ cells, that generate sperm and eggs, have a typical process to guard the genome from the risk of retrotransposons. Whereas an imbalanced genome can be possibly beneficial to evolution, it is not when producing offspring. Naturally, germ cells have developed to give a unique type of RNA, piRNA, that abolishes retrotransposons.
Retrotransposons are abolished by the primary biogenesis pathway of piRNA, secondary biogenesis pathway of piRNA ( ping-pong cycle), and epigenetic silencing of transcription in the piRNA pathway. The primary biogenesis pathway of piRNA is reflected to be autonomus of guiding depend on the piRNA sequence, while the another two processes are dependent on that.
"In the ping-pong cycle, sense piRNAs action mak antisense RNAs to generate antisense piRNAs, and method of antisense piRNAs mark sense RNAs to give sense piRNAs with the similar sequence as the actual sense piRNAs. The ping-pong cycle progresses retrotransposon RNAs, while the silencing process of epigenetic transcription marks nascent RNAs retrotransposon to cause in suppressive targets in DNA retrotransposon," defines professor of Osaka University, Jun-ichi Miyazaki, an specialised in mammalian reproduction.
Two core proteins are MILI and MIWI2 which silence retrotransposons by binding to piRNAs. The study shows that GTSF1, a protein necessary for fertility, binds to both these protein complexes, MILI-piRNA and MIWI2-piRNA, for them to exert their function. Mouse GTSF1 has been studied by the lab, but how it exerts these molecular effects have remained unknown.
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