thisi is oceanography. Part I. Metric Unit (30 points) Now let\'s talk about som
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Question
thisi is oceanography.
Part I. Metric Unit (30 points)
Now let's talk about some basics - the Metric Units
In scientific community, metric units are used for presenting results of measurement. Please read Garrison's textbook pages 395-397 for conversions of measurement units. (You may find similar information elsewhere.) In our class, whenever you present a number with units, make sure that you use metric units. For example, for measuring length or distance, it has to be presented in meter (m) or kilometer (km), rather than in feet or miles. The following formula are used in the unit conversion.
C = (F - 32)/1.8
F = (C x 1.8) + 32
1 ft = 0.305 meter
1 mile = 1.609 kilometer
In this exercise, you are required to do the following four questions.
1) Temperature - give one number in degree F, and convert it to degree C; give another temperature in degree C and convert it to degree F.
2) Length - give one number in miles and convert it to kilometer (km); give another number in inch and convert it to centimeter (cm)
3) Area - give one number in square miles and convert it to square kilometers.
4) Volume - give one number in cubic miles and convert it to cubic kilomete
Part II - Plate Tectonics ( 40 points)
Answer the following questions about Plate Tectonics:
(1) Where is the "spreading center" located?
(2) Name an Oceanic Ridge in Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, respectively.
(3) What are the three types of plate boundaries and their unique characteristics?
(4) Give one example location for each of the three Plate Boundaries.
5) What are the scientific evidences supporting the theory of Plate Tectonics?
Explanation / Answer
1) Temperature - give one number in degree F, and convert it to degree C; give another temperature in degree C and convert it to degree F.
Answer: Converting 9F to C
C = (F - 32)/1.8
= (9-32)/1.8
= -(23) / 1.8
C = -12.77
Therefore 9F is -12.77C
Now converting 27C to Fahrenheits.
F = (C x 1.8) + 32
= (27 x 1.8) + 32
= 48.6 + 32
= 80.6
Therefore 27C is 80.6 F
2) Length - give one number in miles and convert it to kilometer (km); give another number in inch and convert it to centimeter (cm)
Converting 18 miles to kilometers = 1 mile = 1.609 kilometer
So 18 miles = 1.609 x 18
= 28.962 km
Therefore 18 miles is 28.962 km
Now converting 36 km to miles
If 1 mile = 1.609 kilometer
Then 36 km = 36 / 1.609
= 22.374 miles
Therefore 36 km is 22.374 miles
3) Area - give one number in square miles and convert it to square kilometers.
Converting 70 sqmiles to km
Now 1 Square Mile = 2.59 Square Kilometers
So 70 sqm = 2.59 x 70 = 181.3 sq km
Therefore 70 sqm is 181.3 sq km
Now converting 151 sqkm to miles
If 1 Square Mile = 2.59 Square Kilometers
Then 151 sq km = 151/2.59 miles
= 58.30 miles
Therefore 151 sq km is 58.30 miles
4) Volume - give one number in cubic miles and convert it to cubic kilometers
Converting 25 cukm to cumiles
Now 1 cumiles = 4.17 cukm
So 25 cumiles = 4.17 x 25 = 104.25
Therefore 25 cumiles is 104.25 cukm
Converting 67 cukm to cumiles
= 67 / 4.17 = 16.07 cumiles
Therefore 67 cukm is 16.07 miles
Part II - Plate Tectonics
(1) Where is the "spreading center" located?
Answer - Spreading centres are located in the Atlantic ocean (North and South -Mid-Atlantic ridge), in the Southeast Pacific Ocean (East PAcific rise), in the Indian ocean ( Carlsberg ridge, 90 deg E ridge etc), in the Arctic ocean (Lomonosov ridge, Gakkel ridge), in the Red sea, in the East African rift valley etc. All these rodges are located at the center of the respective water bodies.
(2) Name an Oceanic Ridge in Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, respectively.
Answer - East Pacific rise in the Pacific and Reykjanes ridge in the Atlantic.
(3) What are the three types of plate boundaries and their unique characteristics?
Answer - Three kinds of plate boundaries are - a) Divergent; b) Convergent and c) Transform
a) Tectonic plates move away from each other in divergent boundary system
b) Tectonic plates, collide, buckle and subduct in the convergent plate boundaries
c) Tectonic plates slide past each other, giving rise to transform faults like San Andreas, the Newzealander Alpine fault etc.
(4) Give one example location for each of the three Plate Boundaries.
a) Divergent plate boundary - East Pacific rise - separating The Pacific plate from the North American plate, Riviera plate, Cocos and Nazca plates.
b) Convergent plate boundary - Sunda Trench - Indo-Australian plate subducting under Eurasian plate
c) Transform plate boundary - San Andreas fault, California, US; Alpine fault, NewZealand etc.
5) What are the scientific evidences supporting the theory of Plate Tectonics?
List of Evidences - i) Jigsaw fit (Continental boundaries fit each other in the same way as jigsaw pieces - example - Africa and South America)
ii) Geological continuity of Mountain systems - (Caledonian and Hercynian mountain systems of Europa and North East America
iii) Similarity of fossil assemblages - Glossopteris leaf found in Australia, Indi, South America). Also animal fossils like Lystrosaurus, many other Diapsids etc
iv) Glacial deposits - Evidence of Carboniferous glaciation found in Brazil, S.Africa, Australia, India.
v) Geodetic evidence - Geomagnetism
vi) 1964 Alaskan earthquake - 9.2 magnitude event cannot take place due to movement of a local fault.
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