10. Political Tyranny in Middle Eastern Imagination: Case of Egypt. Readings: Cl

Question

10. Political Tyranny in Middle Eastern Imagination: Case of Egypt. Readings: Class lecture on 4/28 and 5/3

a. How did Egypt come under “dual control”? What was Egyptian society’s reaction “dual control”?

b. What were the main demands of the nationalist Wafd party of Egypt after the end of WWI?

c. How did the memorandum of 1920 pave the way for Egyptian independence?

d. What were the issues that kept Britain from recognizing full independence of Egypt?

e. Who were the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-Muslimin)? How was their relationship with the Egyptian government before and after the 1952 revolution?

f. What were some major policies advocated by the Egyptian president Jamal Abd- al-Nasser?

g. What was the relationship between Arab nationalism and wars with Israel?

Explanation / Answer

a)Dual control: Egypt members were nominated by France ,Britain,Austria and Italy.In the same year ,Egyptian revenue and expenditure were placed under the supervision of a British and a French controls (Dual control).After an international enquiry in 1878,Ismail accepted the principle of ministerial responsibility for government and authorized the formation of an international. For two years Dual control ruled Egypt.

The danger of a serious rising brought the British and French fleets in may 1882 to Alexandria. Because of concerns over the safety of the suez canal and massive British investment in Egypt the Europeans looked to intervence.

Discontent within various sectors of the elits and among elements of the population at large led to a reaction against European interference.

b) The Wafd party was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt.It was said to be Egypts most popular and influential political party for a period from the end of world war 1.

The demands of the nationalist Wafd party: 1)call for Egyptian Independence.

2)First priority is to remove the British army of occupation.

c)The kingdom of Egypt was the independent Egyptian state established under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922 following the Unilateral Declaration of the Egyptian independence by the United kingdom.

This is known as First revolution.In december 1921, the British authorities in Cairo imposed martial law and once again deported Zaghlul,. Demonstration again led to violence. Indeference to the growing nationalism and the suggestion ofthe High commissioner.UK recognised Egyptian independence in 1922 and converted the sultanate of Egypt to kingdom of Egypt.

d)The Egyptian revolution of 1919 led to Britian's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of the new constitution in 1923.British however refused to agree full independence and Egyptian sovereignty over suden or withdraw its forces from the Suez canal Zone.Afrter 1922 again revolution occurs in 1954 then the British fully agreed Egyptian independence.

e)The muslim brotherhood in egypt is a sunny islamist religious ,political and social movement.

muslim brotherhood before 1954:The muslim brotherhood was found in 1928 by the egyptian school teacher.The organisation initially focused on educational and charitable work,but quickly grew to become a major political force as well.

After 1954:In 1954, another unsuccessful assessination was ettempted against egypt and blammed on the brotherhood and later muslim brotherhood was banned and thousands of the members were imprisoned for many years and some were tortured.

f)Policies of Gamal Abd-al Nasser.: 1) Announced a new constitution on 16 january at a popular rally.setting up presidential system of government .

2) foreign policy: 1) relationships with the soviet Union

2) Suez canal polocy.

3) yemen war and six -day war

g|)relationship between Arab nationalism and wars with Israel: The islamic - arab intolerance against non - muslims is not limited to Jews .Throughout centuries Arabs have systematically persecuted and ousted both Christians and jews.Christian communities in Arab countries have dwindled to insignificant numbers.

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