. ____Which of the following is the energy source for the work that streams do?
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. ____Which of the following is the energy source for the work that streams do? a. gravity c. infiltration b. latent heat of evaporation d. moon’s gravitational “pull” 7 ______Which of the following are deposition features of a meandering stream? a. delta c. cut bank e. all but c b. natural levee d. flood plain soil` 8. Stream gradient is the average elevation change of the stream between two points, expressed in feet per mile (or meters per kilometer). Calculate the stream gradient from the headwaters at 4200 feet above sea level to a reservoir with an elevation of 2200 feet. The distance between these two points is 40 miles. The correct answer is expressed in feet (of elevation change) per mile (of horizontal distance). Show your calculations. 12. Briefly explain why snow is such an important form of precipitation for drinking water in the East Bay, where it seldom snows. (2 points) ______________________________________________________________________ 13. ______Fresh water in California is seasonal and regional. By what means is Northern California water transported stored and transported in order to assure more reliable year-round fresh for summer crop irrigation and for domestic use in the much drier regions of Southern California? a. Huge federal and state funded construction of dams and aqueducts b. Water pumped from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into aqueducts c. Electrically powered pumps to move water over the Tehachapi Mountains at the southern end of the Central Valley d. Truck transport of snow from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to southern California e. All except d. 14. ______Which of the following were major impacts of the 1849 California Gold Rush on streams in California? a. Sediment deposition from placer mining d. all of the above b. Sediment deposition from unregulated logging e. a and c only c. Increased demand for agricultural water 15. ____What is the most important reason that the populations of salmon have drastically declined in California streams? Only one letter choice is correct. (1 point) a. Water pollution from manufacturing b. Dams blocking access to spawning areas c. Pumping fresh water from the delta d. Overfishing of salmon during the ocean phase of their lifecycle. 16. ___Glaciers are slowly moving rivers of ice, same as streams: Which of the following are not deposition features of glaciers: a. debris pile at the end of the glacier b. rocks and gravel on the sea floor of polar regions c. raised sinuous ridges that were formerly stream channels under the continental ice sheet d. U-shaped valley 17. According to the Milankovitch hypothesis, what general factors result in periodic ice ages? a. Slow wobble of Earth’s axis (Over very long time, the axis doesn’t always point toward Polaris) b. Slow oscillation in the shape and orientation of Earth’s elliptical orbit c. Slow change in the axis tilt (The axis tilt is not always 23.5) s. All of the above e. None of the above 18. Oceans cover approximately how much of the Earth’s surface? (1 point) 70% b. 50% c. 30% 19. Where on the sea floor are abyssal plains located and why are abyssal plains so flat? (2 points) 20. Ocean swell is generated by: (1 point) a. Storms over the ocean b. Tides c. Surface currents d. Coriolis Effect _______________________________________________________________________ 21. Briefly explain why breakers tend to form parallel to the beach, even though the swell may arrive at an angle to the beach? (2 points) 22. Under which circumstances do the highest tides occur? (1 point) a. When the sun, moon and earth are lined up in a straight line (full moon and new moon) b. With the earth in the center, when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other (first quarter and second quarter) c. They occur at random times throughout the month d. They only occur during high sun angle seasons. 23. Because of the presence of continents and the shapes of ocean basins, the tide sequence varies from place to place. Over a 24-hour period, what types of tides are found along the California Coast? (1 point) One high tide and one low tide Two equal high tides and two equal low tides Two unequal high tides and two unequal low tides Two high tides and one low tide 24. Sunlight only penetrates about 100 meters into the ocean. What is the importance of the sunlit zone? a. Only zone in the ocean where photosynthesis takes place d. All of the above b. Zone where oxygen is added to the water e. a. and b. only c. Important source of nutrients for deep ocean organisms _______________Bonus Question_ ______________________ B-1. Rip currents are dangerous. Besides crying out for help, if you are caught in a rip current, what is the best way to avoid drowning as you attempt to return to shore? ( 2 points)
Explanation / Answer
Q. Which of the following is the energy source for the work that streams do?
A- a. gravity
7. ______Which of the following are deposition features of a meandering stream?
A - e. all but c (cutbank is erosional feature)
8. Stream Gradient = Change in river flow Elevation from points A to B / Distance of river stretch under consideration
= 4200 - 2200 feet = 2000 / 40
= 50 feet per mile
12. East Bay gets water supply from Mokelumne watershed which is in Sierra Nevada mountains. In this region the rivers get water from the meltwater of snow which is inturn supplied to East Bay . That's why snow is such an important form of precipitation for drinking water in the East Bay, where it seldom snows
13. Fresh water in California is seasonal and regional. By what means is Northern California water transported stored and transported in order to assure more reliable year-round fresh for summer crop irrigation and for domestic use in the much drier regions of Southern California?
A - e. All except d
14. d. all of the above
15. populations of salmon have drastically declined in California streams because of Overfishing, Construction of Dams and Anthropological Pollution of water. Since Salmon is an Anadromous fish (i.e, it travels from sea to deep upstream of a river for spawning), it finds it difficult to effectively complete its cycle of living.
16. d. U-shaped valley
17. d. All of the above
18. a. 70%
19. Abyssal plains are found at an average depth of 4000-4500 m in the world Oceans. They are flat beacause the MORB (Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt) moves outwards due to plate tectonics over which a thin sedimentary layer of oceanic material like red earth, tests, shells etc is deposited. As the material accumulates over millions of years, it covers the original rough features with a flat, nearly plain layer.
20. a. Storms over the ocean
21. When wave fronts approach a beach at an angle, they slow down while approaching the beach, causing them to bend towards the beach. If the beach slopes gently enough, all breakers will eventually line up parallel to the beach.
22. a. When the sun, moon and earth are lined up in a straight line (full moon and new moon)
23. c. Two unequal high tides and two unequal low tides
24. d. All of the above
Bonus Q - Rip currents are strong, narrow currents that flow away from the beach. One should not try to swim against the rip currents. Swimming parallel to the shore and out of the current is the best option. Once out of the current, one can begin swimming back to shore.
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