Retrograde motion is the apparent \"backward\" (westward) motion of a planet rel

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Retrograde motion is the apparent "backward" (westward) motion of a planet relative to the stars. The heliocentric model of the universe holds that Earth is at the center and everything else moves around it. Galileo did not invent the telescope. The Sun lies at the center of a planet's orbit. According to Newton's laws, a moving object will come to a stop unless acted upon by a force. Tycho Brahe was able to compile the best observations of planetary positions made up to his time because he had use of a telescope. Copernicus believed the sun was the center of celestial motion. In Ptolemy's geocentric model, the planet's motion along its deferent is all that is needed to understand retrograde motion. Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus supported Ptolemy's epicycles. Kepler relied heavily on the telescopic observations of Galileo in developing his laws of planetary motion. Kepler's third law allows us to find the average distance to a planet from observing its period of rotation on its axis. Newton's second law notes that the larger the mass of the body experiencing a net force, the less it is moved or accelerated by this force.

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