1.According to the Univ. of Michigan CSS Environmental Footprint fact sheet, wha
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Question
1.According to the Univ. of Michigan CSS Environmental Footprint fact sheet, what was the level of confidence in 2013 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that the influence of humans has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the middle of the 20th century?
a.>15% certainty
b.>50% certainty
c.>75% certainty
d.>95% certainty
e.>99% certainty
2.Based on the Univ. of Michigan CSS Environmental Footprint fact sheet, which of the following categories is the largest primary energy use in both Residential and Commercial Buildings (not counting “Other”)?
a.Lighting
b.Water Heating
c.Space Cooling
d.Space Heating
e.Ventilation
3.Based on the data in the Univ. of Michigan CSS Materials Use fact sheet, which of the following non-fuel materials has the highest consumption by weight since the 1960s?
a.Primary Metals
b.Wood
c.Construction Materials
d.Industrial Minerals
e.Plastics
4.Based on the information in the Univ. of Michigan CSS Materials Use fact sheet, which of the following materials has a depletion time (Global Reserves/Production Rates) in the range of decades?
a.Iron
b.Platinum
c.Chromium
d.Lithium
e. Aluminum
5.Which of the following is true about Natural Capital from Capital Gains chapter?
a.The consequences of losses of natural capital are well known and easily modeled by scientists.
b.The services provided by natural capital are generally included in the price we pay for items.
c.The value of natural capital is estimated by the amount natural resources can be sold for.
d.Natural capital is integrated into ecosystems and difficult to replace by human products and systems.
e.Natural capital continues to increase due to human progress in science and technology.
6. Based on the Capital Gains chapter (8) in Natural Capitalism, which of the following is an example of a perverse subsidy?
Tax incentives to wind and solar companies.
a.Deposits required on plastic and glass bottles which are repaid when the container is returned.
b.Tax incentives for the mining of fossil fuel energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas.
c.Tax incentives to purchase Energy-Star appliances.
d.Disposal fees for garbage based on the weight of waste materials.
7.Which of the following is an example of Industrial Symbiosis discussed in the Kalundborg, Denmark article?
a.Waste pulp from a paper plant burned for energy by a steel manufacturer.
b.Gypsum plasterboard produced by adding calcium and recycled water to power plant sulfur emissions.
c.CO2 emissions from factories captured and pumped into algae ponds for biodiesel production.
d. Wastewater treated using a natural wetland.
Waste grains from beer manufacturing used to feed local pigs rather than landfilling.
8. Which of the following was an example of life cycle thinking/analysis highlighted the UNEP LCA article?
a.Analysis of the pesticides in Costa Rica to determine which had the most environmental/health impact.
b.Reduction of laundry environmental impacts through more efficient clothes dryers.
c.Carpet production in Germany reducing environmental impacts through recycled carpet fibers.
d. Replacement of MTBE in gasoline with ethanol to reduce hazardous air emissions from engines.
e. Hybrid electric trash trucks to handle waste management in Mexico.
9. In the “Put a Value” on Nature TED Talk, which of the following is true about Shrimp farms and Mangroves in Thailand?
a.Private profits for mangroves and shrimp farms about equal
b. Subsidies, which transfer money from the public to private industry, increase the profits for mangroves
c. Mangroves provide storm protection and fisheries with a public cost benefit larger than any of the private profits
d. Shrimp farms make a private profit even after the cost of restoring them is included.
10. In the “Put a Value” on Nature TED Talk, when accounting for the full costs including externalities of the Chinese construction sector on forests, which of the following is true?
a. Market costs for timber were about double the external environmental/health costs and losses
b. Market costs for timber were about equal to the external environmental/health costs and losses
c. External environmental/health costs and losses were about double the timber market costs
d. The external costs could not be estimated in order to compare to the market costs
Explanation / Answer
1.d According to Univ. of Michigan CSS environmental footprint fact sheet, the Intergovernmental panel estimated that anthropogenic activities is mainly responsible for the global warming which has been increasing since the middle of the 20 th century and this report has greater than 95% certainity.
2.d. According to the CSS environmental footprint fact sheet, in both commerical and residential buildings space heating is the main energy use. It is about 26% in commercial buildings and 46% in residential buidings.
3. c. The consumption of construction material has increased drastically since the 1960s. The use of construction material like stone, gravels, sand is around 3 quarter of the total raw material use.
4.d. Lithium is the critical element which is rare in the earth's crust, lack of economically extractable ore deposists and thus lack of availbility in the US. Its depletion time is short ranging in decades.
5. d. Natural capital is the stock of the natural resources like water, soil, air, geology and all living beings. The assests of natural capital provides us free goods and services known as ecosystem services which determines a nation development as well as useful for human beings.
6.b. the financial assistance provided to businessess, individual or institution in order to promote policies related to economy and social. Pervasive subsidies a type of subsidies given in use of fossil fuels, fisheries, agriculture, nuclear energy and forestry in order to promote them.
7. b.In Denmark Kalundborg eco industrial park is an industrial symbiosis networks is a collaboration in which the companies uses each others by products and thus share resources. Asneas is a power station of 1500 MW coal fired power plants which is utilized in heating around 3500 homes as well as the fish farm. The sludge or waste generated from this power plant is sold as fertilizer. Steam manufactured in this power plant is sold to a pharmecuetical and enzyme manufacturer Novo Nordisk as well as the Statoil power plant. The reuse of this heat eliminates the problem of thermal pollution in the nearby fjord . Besides that a by product of this thermal power plant is sulphur dioxide which consists of gypsum and this gypsum is sold to a wallboard manufacturer. This reduces the need of open pit mining methods to extract gyspum. Also the fly and clinker from the power plants is utilised in cement manufacture and road construction.
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