1) Please click here ( https://prabook.com/web/irma.gigli/816684 ) to read the b

Question

1) Please click here ( https://prabook.com/web/irma.gigli/816684 ) to read the biography of Dr. Gigli
2) Then, click here ( http://blogs.plos.org/thestudentblog/2015/06/05/just-skin-deep/ )Links to an external site. to read a summary of immune system/skin interactions from PLOS (Public Library of Science). Pay special attention to information on the skin's layers and types of skin cells, as we will be studying those thing soon! While this article was not written by Dr. Gigli, much of what is known in the article is a result of research Dr. Gigli performed.
3) Finally, please take a quick look at the abstract of one of Dr. Gigli's articles by clicking here (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC443264/ )Links to an external site.. This includes some terminology that is a beyond our goals for Bio 40A, but it serves as an opportunity to see an example of some important original research. Do NOT worry about understanding the whole abstract or looking up unknown words. Instead, simply try to look for whichever words you might have heard before and what the broad ideas might be.

After reviewing these resources, write a 250 word or more reflection with your responses. You might wish to discuss any or all of the following topics:

1)   What was most interesting or most confusing about the these resources?

2)   What can you learn from these resources regarding the cellular composition of the skin and the molecular/physiological activities in the skin?

3)   What do these resources tell you about the types of people that do science?

4)   What new questions do you have after reviewing these resources?

Explanation / Answer

Ans. 1) cofusing fact

- Irma Giglidone Bachelor of Arts, Liceo Nacional Manuel Belgrano, Cordoba, 1950;Doctor of Medicine Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, 1957 where A Doctor of Medicine is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In some countries, the MD denotes a first professional graduate degree awarded upon initial graduation from medicalschool.

- experices are quite vague and over lapsed with each other

Ans. 2) The skin is an immunologic organ. The skin is an immunologic organ. Estimated 20 billion T cells in human skin which is greater than the number of T cells in the blood.

5 Major Players in the Skin Immune Landscape

a. Keratinocytes are the major cell type that makes up the epidermis, it play important immune defense roles. Keratinocytes produce some antimicrobial peptides that control resident microorganisms on the skin, and also express some pattern recognition receptors, like toll-like receptors, that allow the activation of this cell type upon pathogen recognition or cell damage. it produce pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate Langerhans cells

b. Langerhans cells the first immune cells which fight against any skin-invading pathogen when they enters into the body first. also protect from UV rays. they are the primary antigen-presenting cell in the epidermis, and are identified by the receptor Langerin, and the lipid-presenting molecule CD1a in humans.

c. Dermal dendritic cells. A skin dendritic cell “samples” its surroundings, picking up antigen from a damaged cell, a pathogen, or a commensal microorganism, and then traveling to the skin-draining lymph node.  The CD1c+ dendritic cell subset rather is better at “turning on” CD4+ T helper cells in the dermis. The CD1c+ DCs can produce a broad range of cytokines that fine-tune the T cell immune response in the skin. Dermal dendritic cells are the key “middle men” between sensing commensal microbes and instructing a T cell response.

d.Skin-resident T cells. The skin is home to roughly 20 billion T cells, making it the largest reservoirs of T cells in the body. The hallmark of T lymphocytes is their specificity and memory for a given antigen. these site-specific memory can misdirected T cell responses during autoimmune disease cause skin lesions that, even after treatment, recur in the same place.

e. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are cells of lymphoid origin like T cells, but they lack a T cell receptor and therefore lack the ability to respond to a specific cognate antigen. ILCs are rare, but potent, cells residing in the dermis and subcutaneous fat that orchestrate tissue homeostasis and inflammation. ILCs are divided into three groups based on what cytokines they produce, parallel to how CD4 T helper cells are classified. Group 1 ILCs preferentially produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa and IFNy, whereas group 2 ILCs produce the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and are involved in allergy and immunity to helminths. Group 3 ILCs produce IL-17 and IL-22 and are enriched in psoriatic skin compared to normal skin that means they play a role in pathology.

Ans. 3) no. 3 question is quite vague as you didnt mentioned about any specific type of science and you exactly want to mean by "doing the science". so as per the contents what you have mentioned we can tell about few types like medical practitioner , reasearcher, educator , editor , dermatologists, immunologists, and microbiologists/ pathologist

Ans 4) " the incidence of inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis in children has about doubled in the last thirty years" what are the measures can be take to prevent it ?

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