8:18 K To Do Assignment 3: Chapter 36 Detail Grade Assignment 3: Chapter 36 Due:
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8:18 K To Do Assignment 3: Chapter 36 Detail Grade Assignment 3: Chapter 36 Due: Jun 8, 2018 at 11:59 PM Iterations of Digestive function Write a 2-3-page paper discussing alterations of digestive function. Paper must discuss 1. Discuss whether constipation or diarrhea should be investigated witha colonoscopy Examine the three types of abdominal pain: parietal (somatic), visceral, and 2. referred. Provide some examples. 3. Include in your paper a discussion comparing the following case study: 1. Two men have observed blood in their stool. One states that the blood is bright red. The other claims his stool is black. Discuss the causes for the differing symptoms. 2. Analyze why genetic or immu ne factors, rather than infectious agents, are hypothesized to be the cause of ulcerative colitis 3. Why does the dumping syndrome occur after some gastric surgeries? Calendar To Do InboxExplanation / Answer
ANSWER 1) The changes in the bowel like constipation and diarrhea are caused sometimes due to improper dietary habits but sometimes it may be due to the underlying gastrointestinal diseases. So it is important to rule out the cause of the change of bowel activity and to treat the cause. Colonoscopy is a procedure in which a fibreoptic scope is introduced into the colon through anal opening. It helps to visualize the entire colon and thereby to rule out the pathological condition. In some cases its used for diagnostic as weell as therapeutic purpose. Colonoscopy can be used for investigating both diarrhea and constipation. The method of colon preparation before the procedure differs. In constipation, oral preparation of drug is given which will clear the gut along with nill orally by mouth. In cases of diarrhea, inspite of oral preparation an enema prior to procedure will do along with nill per oral.
ANSWER 2 ) Parietal abdominal pain: Parietal pain of abdomen is also called as somatic pain which is caused due to irritation to parietal abdominal wall. The pain is usually sharp and pinpoint. The pain is experienced in a specific point over the abdomen which is relieved if the knees are drawn up as it relaxes the peritoneum. Example: abdominal pain during appendicitis. The patient may point towards a specific spot at the right lower quadrant called the McBurney's point.
Visceral pain: This type of pain occurs when the nerves asssociated with an abdominal organ undergo acte stretching of its structure wall. The pain is not localized to a particular area but may be described as an ache or cramp. The hollow organ show mild ache to severe cramping but the solid organs tend to have a constant pain. If the patient is examined and as to locate the area of pain then they will locate it to an area on the abdomen which is uncomfortable. For example, diverticulitis, IBS
Reffered pain: In this type of pain, the brain is unable to localize the correct area of pain.Brain may located pain in an area which is different from the area of irritation. For example: In cases where there is inflammation of gallbladder or spleen, the patient complaints to have pain on right or left shoulder upon examination which is known as Kehr's sign.
ANSWER 3) Blood in stool is referred to as hematochezia. The color fo stool depends on the location of bleeding in the GI tract.The blood found in the stool may be bright red in color or balck and tarry. The bright red color of blood in stool indicates bleeding has occured in a area near to anal opening i.e in anal opening, rectum or sigmoid colon. This blood from sigmoid colon rectum or anus do not stay in the tract for long time to turn into black. Moreover if the bleeding from an upper area of tract shows bright red color in stool then it means that the bleeding is so massive that causes rapid transit of blood down the GI tract resulting in bright red bleeding.
Whereas the black stool which is called as malena is caused when the bleeding occurs in the upper part of the GI tract i.e in stomach and duodenum. Malena that occurs in stomach or duodenaum is exposed to acid for a longer period of time. In some cases where the blood transit from the colon is slow enough to allow time for intestinal bacteria to break the blood down into chemical called hematin which is black in color, will result in malena.
B) The actual cause of Ulcerative colitis is not exactly known but its believed to be genetic or immnue factor. The family history of Ulcerative colitis among the close relative are at risk of developing this disease. The transmission of mutated gene which is inherited by the generations downwards is considered to be the cause. Some genetic variations make some individuals more prone to an overactive immune system against bacteria that cuases chronic inflammation and eventually colitis.
The body's immune mechanism have also found to contribute to the disease cause. The overactive immune system which when triggered results in continous inflammation of the particular area of the colon which was once attacked by foreign agents. It may also occur when the immune system is malfunction that means it attacks the its own intestinal cells.
c) Dumping syndrome is a condition which occurs as a complication of gastric surgeries where a part of stomach is removed or bypass is made to lose weight. This is also called as rapid gastric emptying as food quickly transit down from stomach to small bowel. The dumping syndrome can be early or late. The early dumping syndrome occurs within 10-30 minutes after taking meals whereas late dumping syndrome occurs 1-3 hours after taking food.
The early dumping syndrome is caused when a dense mass of food is is dumped to the intestine. The intestines sense this food to be too concentrated and therefore release gut hormones which causes a shift of fluid from bloodstream to the intestines. It results in bloating, lightheadedness and even fainting. Diarrhea occurs after 10-30 minutes.
The late dumping syndrome occurs when there is decrease in blood sugar. This is called reactive hypoglycemia which occurs 1-3 hours after a large surge of insulin. The food high in starch or sugar mainly triggers the late symptoms of dumping syndrome. When large amount of sugar reaches the gut, the body tend to release huge amount of insulin which in turn makes the blood glucose levels too low.
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