In a 400-600 word answer, properly cited with an APA-formatted reference list an

Question

In a 400-600 word answer, properly cited with an APA-formatted reference list and in-text citations, please answer the following questions. In addition to the researched facts you present as your answer, you may provide opinions and real-world experiences where appropriate.

Who are your playmates?

1- Read the study and supporting information published by Simon Cauchemez, et al. provided in the resources section below. What criteria did the authors set as the clinical definition of a case? What were the specific symptoms included in that definition? The study was affected by a limitation in relation to the method of defining a case. What was the limitation and how might it affect the data or usefulness of the study results?

2- The structure of the school into grade levels, including more than one class per grade level, had an impact on child-to-child transmission rates. According to the data provided, contrast the probabilities of between-class (same grade, different classroom) transmission and within-class (same grade, same classroom) transmission. How does the transmission rate among students in the same grade level compare to that among students in different grade levels? Please provide specific transmission rates and an explanation of these results.

3- During the outbreak, a pattern in the onset of infection in boys versus girls emerged. Figure 1C of the full report reveals a group of boys became infected a few days before a group of girls. What characteristic of the social network is thought to account for this pattern? Please provide specific data from the report to support your answer.

4- What appears to account for the increase in cases after May 7 as shown in Figure 1? Which activities that the 4th graders attended on May 6 or May 7 may have contributed to an increase in transmission (superspread)?

5- Based on the results provided in the example, what measures could have been put in place to disrupt the transmission of the virus, if any?

Resources to get you started:

Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3041067/pdf/pnas.201008895.pdf

Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, Supporting Information

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2011/01/29/1008895108.DCSupplemental/pnas.201008895SI.pdf#nameddest=STXT

Explanation / Answer

1, Dr. Simon cauchemex set as the clinical definition of a case influenza..Who raising the influenza prevenion around the world with protocols.school closure is the intervention is commonly used for reducing influenza spread..it gives much benefits and prevent transmission aginst high economic and social costs in health care..East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS_coV) is detected with severe cases..Symptoms include chills,fever,nasal congestion,watery eyes,sore throat,muscle pain,head ache,cough,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,stomach pain and rashes among children..
2, Here data collection H1N1 pandemic influenza among elementary school and spread in a semirural community in pennsylvania..influenza affected the social networks estimated from data via mar kov chain monte carlo sampling..structuring of the school in to classes and grades greatly affected spread..
3, boys are more likely getting affected(average time of onset may 6,8pm) than a girls(average time of onset may 9,12am) because assortative mixing among playmates..data analysis in tranmission occuring in specific days of the outbreak school children from 6-18 yrs..influenza spread in households..so social networks affect influenza transmission.so that intervention with transmission between the school,the community and the households..
   Late closure of the school 27% of students had symptoms but no spread..more then 18years was infected by school aged household menbers..duration of the infections period was same in children and adults..
4, data collected during outbreak demographic and clinical information on 81% students and 81% house holds..129students and 141households having symptoms from late april to last interview..because fourth grades getting affected more among school students by investigation..using hypothesis generation of outbreak investigation the tem used the fourth grade determine the probable exposure period..median incubation period of PH1N1 of 2-3 d and peak on the superspread conclusion probable exposure peroid was may 6-8 and stored the data for the interval..

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