Critically review figure 1 (10) erm programming fetal, perinatal, postnatal acut

Question

Critically review figure 1       (10)

erm programming fetal, perinatal, postnatal acute stress chronic stress reciprocal influence fatigue, frailty, depression dementia, psychiatric illness ?? oblems hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal axis sensory sympathetic non-adrenal stress axes thyroxin/T3 RAA rowth hormone parasympa- thetic nervous system autoimmune & allergic diseases cance immuno- surveillance cardio- vascular disease obesity metabolic disease Fig. 1 Psychoneuroimmunology crosstalk. The brain commu- nicates with the immune system, thereby influencing immune function (red lines: stimulating; green lines: inhibiting). The im- mune system communicates with the brain by reciprocal path ways. Both directions arelinked to the development of diseases This is mainly relevant when either psychological stress lasts too long or immune system activation is chronic. In both situations, physical and mental activity are low, which can lead to illness RAA renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, T3 triiodothyro- nine (active thyroid gland hormone)

Explanation / Answer

The scientific field of study investigating the link between bidirectional communication among the nervous system, the endocrineesystem and immune system. It also focusses on the measurable interaction between psychological and physiological process. The immune system and the central nervous system maintain extensive communication.

The CNS and immune system are the two major adaptive entities of the body. The brain modulates the immune system by hardwriting ANS to lymphoid organs, whereas the neuroendocrine hormones such as corticotrophin releasing hormone regulates cytokine balance. Thus, the brain and the immune systems are involved in functionally relevant crosstalk with homeostasis being the main function.

The relationship between neural pathways that mediate pain and immune regulation of inflammation are extensive. Sensory nerves connect the peripheral organs such as skin to the spinal cord. These nerves, conveying the sensation of pain are stimulated by tryptase produced in mast cells. Activation of these nerves as part of pain reflex stimulates such substances which cause oedema and inflammation in the skin.

Crosstalk between CNS and immune system also causes stress. Under certain conditions, an immune response can activateathe stress system.

Thus, we can say that both the pathways are linked to development of diseases.

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