This are Public Health Questions or Health Management 1. A study recruited women

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This are Public Health Questions or Health Management

1. A study recruited women who had miscarriages and women who did not. They then asked the women about their prior exposure to chemicals such as atrazine and checked their medical records. What type of study design is this?

a) RCT
b) Cohort
c) Case-Control
d) Cross-Sectional

2. What is a statistical technique that can be used to minimize confounding and ensure greater comparability of groups at the end of a study?

a) Matching

b) Adjustment

c) Randomization

d) None of the above

3. One disadvantage of both the cross-sectional and case-control study design is that you usually cannot accurately ascertain temporal relationships (so you can’t tell which came first, the exposure or the disease).
a) True
b) False

4. Blood pressure measurements on adult males (30-39 years of age) were obtained from a sample of men living in Durham, NH. Men were asked to report their income level (low income was classified as $35,000 per year, and higher income was classified as >=$35,000 per year). Researchers then assessed whether hypertension (high blood pressure) was more common among low-income men compared to high-income men. The most appropriate measure of association in this example is the:

A. Incidence rate

B. Income-specific incidence rate

C. Odds Ratio

D. Relative Risk

5. In a research study designed to evaluate whether drinking more water is associated with higher academic performance, an investigator randomly assigns certain students at UNH to the ‘treatment’ condition (in which the class gets free recyclable bottles filled with water to drink during every class) and another set of students to a ‘control’ condition (no free water bottles). The students’ grades on midterm and final exams are compared at the end of the study. This is an example of a/an _____ study.

A: Cross-sectional Study
B. Case-Control Study
C. Randomized Clinical Trial
D: Cohort Study

6. To assess whether gender (male/female) is a confounder and/or an effect modifier in the above example, the researcher created separate 2x2 Tables, one for Males and one for Females, and re-run the odds ratios. She found that the Male OR is the same as the female OR (but both are different from the Crude OR).

This indicates that:

a) There confounding but no effect modification by gender

b) There is confounding and effect modification by gender

c) None of the above

Explanation / Answer

1 b) Cohort

2 a) Matching

3 a) True

4 C. Odds Ratio

5B. Case-Control Study

6a) There confounding but no effect modification by gender

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