This Is for Ecology need all the help i can get, please and thank you. Any help

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This Is for Ecology need all the help i can get, please and thank you. Any help is appreciated, I do not understand it

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NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Part ll A Proposal on Matrix Effects on Birds in Jamaica Based on your input, BPI decides to fund a research project with the following objective: “ to investigate how forest-dependent Neotropical resident birds in Jamaica respond to habitat patches in landscapes that are similar in structural habitat fragmentation but that are surrounded by different human-modified land cover types." You now receive another memo from Science Director Jim Bullock: Dear BPI Colleagues im excited to announce that we will fund a study on birds in Jamaica. Please read the following information about the proposed study and then answer the questions on the next page. Thank you for providing feedback to the researchers who will conduct this important study! Tours im Bullock Landscape Data The study will take place largely in Manchester Parish, Jamaica, where about 30% of native forest remains. Most of the forest clearing occurred over 200 years ago (typically for agriculture). Forest patches that remain tend to be less than 100 hectares (ha) and occur as hilltop remnants, surrounded by agriculture (primarily cattle pasture, see Figure 2), residential (peri-urban) development, or bauxite mining (mining for aluminum) The researchers will sample forest patches within three human-dominated landsca patches within continuous forest. In total, 20 landscapes will be sampled (delineated as 1-km2 areas): six comprising continuous forest cover, and 14 in which forest has been fragmented by agriculture (N 5), by suburban development (N 4), or by bauxite mining (N-5), .e., surrounded by a human-dominated matrix (Figure 1 and 2). Patches will be embedded in landscapes with a similar proportion and spatial configuration of forest cover (except for the control sites), so the amount and extent of forest fragmentation among the three human-dominated landscape types will be similar. Surveyed landscapes also have similar environmental conditions (e.g., elevation, climate, soil substrate), but vegetation structure may differ. Patches in agricultural landscapes, and to a lesser extent in continuous forest, tend to have greater stand basal area, leaf area index, tree diameter, tree canopy height, and tree cover than patches in peri- urban and bauxite landscapes. Forest fragments embedded in bauxite and peri-urban matrices have lower and relatively more opn canopies and a greater proportion o pe types, as well as control f herbaceous cover and low shrubs. Bauxite landscapes are former agricultural lands that have been converted to mining within the past 10 years where remnant forests are largely surrounded by exposed bauxitic soils (Figure 2). Suburban and agricultural matrices contain greater foliage cover and vertical complexity than bauxite lands, and thus may provide greater potential resources (e.g., food or nesting sites) or enhance structural connectivity to aid movement outside forest remnants relative to bauxite landscapes. Peri-urban and bauxite landscapes are exposed to more ongoing human disturbance, including hunting, selective logging, noise, road and surface-mining impacts, fire ignition sources, and domestic animals than are agricultural landscapes that tend to be large private land holdings. Bird Data Across all 20 landscapes and matrix types, a total of99 forest patches will be surveyed for resident birds using point counts during three breeding seasons. Both the number of species (richness) and their abundances will be calculated as response variables. Abo ut 40 species are expected to be commonly found in these landscapes. 1 Unless otherwise noted, all quotes, site descriptions, and results are from Kennedy. C.M., Marra, PP, Fagan, WE & Neel, M.C. (2010). Landscape matrix and species traits mediate responses of Neotropical resident birds to forest fragmentation in Jamaica. Ecological Monographs 80: 651-669

Explanation / Answer

1. Landscape tested are forest patches that remain tend to be less than 100 hectare and occur as hilltop remnants, surrounded by agriculture residential development, or bauxite mining.

Landscape not tested that is not a native forest and more than 100 hectare in size.

Matrix that can be tested are: that allow move between primary habitat patches, provide additional or alternative food sources or nest sites, matrix should have different type of activities like hunting, logging etc.

Matrix that can be not be tested are: matrix types which are similar to primary habitat, matrix that have same type of activities.

2. Supplemental or complementary resources matrix type is evaluated on this study as different landscape taken into the study are composed of different type of resources.

3. Doubt is regarding the inclusion of more examples to understand the concept.

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