PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER WHICH COVERS ALL PARTS A) Compare and contrast base subs

Question

PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWER WHICH COVERS ALL PARTS

A) Compare and contrast base substitution, insertion, and deletions mutations AND Compare and contrast silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.

B)What is a frameshift mutation, and what type of DNA mutations cause frameshift mutations?

C) What type of DNA mutation is most likely to cause a silent mutation AND Why are insertion and deletion mutations often much more harmful to organisms than base substitution mutations?  

D) What is the difference between horizontal gene transfer and vertical inheritance?

Explanation / Answer

A)

Base substitution - a gene mutation that results from the substitution of one base pair for another ( or one base for another in case of single stranded DNA genomes) is known as substitution mutation.

Insertion - a frameshift mutation that results from the insertion of extra nucleotides into the polynucleotide.

Deletion - a frameshift mutation that results from the deletion of some nucleotides into the polynucleotide.

Silent mutation - mutation without apparent effect are called silent mutation. If a mutation in which the new codon specifying the new aminoacid as the unmutated codon then it is a case of silent mutation, because it has no effect on the coding function of the genome; the mutated gene codes for exactly the same protein as unmutated gene. For example, the change of ACG into CGG, both codes for an arginine.

Missense mutation - The mutation that alters the codon so that it specifies a different aminoacid is known as missense mutation. For example, sickle cell haemoglobin ( glutamic acid changes with valine at position 6 which leads to change in shape of haemoglobin).

Nonsense mutations - Mutation that changes a codon in a gene to one of the three termination codon ( UAA, UGA, OR UAG) is described as nonsense mutation. nonsense mutation results in a shortened protein because the translation of the mRNA stops at this new termination codon.

B) Frameshift mutation - A mutation in the gene that have the effect of shifting the translational reading frame. In majority of cases, these results in a failure to synthesize a functional protein, thus allowing the mutation to be identified by its phenotypic consequences. Insertion and deletion of nucleotides in a DNA causes frameshift mutation.

c) Mutation without any apparent effect will cause silent mutation. base substitution mutation ( that does not changes the amino acid but only the base in codon) will most likely to cause frameshift mutation.

Yes insertion and deletion mutations are often much more harmful to organisms than base substitution mutations because Insertion or deletion mutation results in a frame-shift that changes the reading frame of the codons and, therefore, alters the entire amino acid sequence , while in a substitution mutation in which only a single amino acid is altered.

D) Vertical gene transfer is method of transfer of genes from one generation to other through sexual reproduction.

Horizontal  gene transfer is method of transfer of genes between unrelated individuals through transduction, transformation and conjugation.

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