I NEED HELP WITH ONLY PART 6 (LAST PIC). AGAIN ONLY PART 6. **DO NOT** ANSWER 1-

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I NEED HELP WITH ONLY PART 6 (LAST PIC). AGAIN ONLY PART 6. **DO NOT** ANSWER 1-5. PLEASE ANSWER EACH WITH CLARITY AND MAKE SURE THEY ARE CORRECT. THNKS IN ADVANCE?.

PS:YOU MAY NEED THE FIRST PAGE TO ANSWER PART 6. THATS WHY I INCLUDED ALL THE PAGES.

Problem 5 You are dig up some new eukaryotic micoorganisms from the Niagra River and attempt to study their energy status A) Under anacrobic conditions, glucose was metabolized. Under acrobic conditions, the following data was obtained: Table 5. 1) This looks like the Pasteur effect in the textbook and lecture notes. Which pathway seems to be blocked? What stage? What enzyme? Based on the cellular energy derived from different stages of metabolism, can you explain this effeet? 2) 3) More data on the experiment Anaerobic conditions: Metabolism active. Metabolites present: ADP, AMP, NADH Aerobic conditions: Metabolism as above (Table 5.) Metabolites present: ATP Equation 6. Energy Charge (IATPI+IADPD/(IATP)+[ADP)+[AMP) Given the above conditions, what does this mean about the data in Table 5 and the potential for enzymatic regulation based on this data. More data on the experiment: in the absence of external glucose, the cells produce glucose. What process, similar to processes discussed in lecture, might be responsible for making glucose in these cells? Describe qualitatively how this process occurs and under what conditions it might occur in the cell. 4) You analyze mitochondria within the organisms. Calculate the molar concentration of

Explanation / Answer

6. a) NAD+/NADH ratio is low, means, cell is in short of NAD, a cofactor for three key oxidative enzymatic steps of citric acid cycle. Hence, the following steps of citric acid cycle will have high flux in response:

1. Isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate catalyzed by Isocitrate dehydrogenase

2. Alpha-ketoglutarate -> Succinyl-CoA catalyzed by ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

3. Malate -> oxaloacetate catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.

b) Citric acid intermediates are used as precursors for biosynthesis. This results in decrease in the concentration of these intermediates, which may slow down citric acid cycle. Hence, these intermediates are replenished by anaplerotic reactions. The two compounds replenished are oxaloacetate and malate and two intermediates replenishing these are phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate.

The anaplerotic reactions are as follows:

1. Pyruvate+HCO3+ATP -> oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi (enzyme pyruvate carboxylase)

2. Phosphoenolpyruvate + C02+GDP -> oxaloacetate+GTP (enzyme PEP carboxylase)

3. Phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3 -> oxaloacetate + Pi (enzyme PEP carboxylase)

4. Pyruvate+HCO3+NADPH -> malate+NADP (enzyme malate enzyme)

c) Muscle cells and liver cells contain large number of mitrochondria. These require lot of energy to function and hence have lots of mitochondria. A heart muscle cell contains 5000 mitochondria.

d) Innner mictochondrial membrane - enzyme complexes involved in electron transport.

ii) Intramembrane mitrochondrial space - increased proton concentration

iii) Mitochondrial matrix - citric acid cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

e) Electrons passed by NADH and FADH2 are not equivalent. NADH passes 2 electrons whereas FADH2 passes one electron into electron transport chain.

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