Please answer all parts of the question: Some species require a large and divers
ID: 260363 • Letter: P
Question
Please answer all parts of the question:
Some species require a large and diverse range. Although it may not significantly decrease the overall size of the range, how might fragmenting the range with a expressway or neighborhood lead to the extinction of the entire population, even if sufficient food is available in either region to sustain two small populations? Suggest a compromise that would allow the population to survive and allow for the road project or neighborhood.
Guidelines for question 1: In addition to your answer: You must define extinction and state what type of biodiversity loss is illustrated in this scenario.
Please answer this question in 100-150 words.
Explanation / Answer
Q. how might fragmenting the range with a expressway or neighborhood lead to the extinction of the entire population, even if sufficient food is available in either region to sustain two small populations?
Some species of animals simply refuse to cross barriers as wide as a road. For these species, a road effectively cuts the population in half. A network of roads fragments the population further. The remaining small populations are then vulnerable to all the problems associated with rarity:
Fragmentation in most cases decreases biodiversity. It become barriers to gene flow and inter-species pollination also decrease. In such a case an invasive species appears, remaining biodiversity also finish.
This genetic deterioration from inbreeding and random drift in gene frequencies, environmental catastrophes, fluctuations in habitat conditions, and demographic stochasticity (i.e., chance variation in age and sex ratios). Thus, roads conrtribute to major threat to biological diversity: habitat fragmentation.
If organisms are prevented from migrating to track shifting climatic conditions, and cannot adapt quickly enough because of limited genetic variation, then extinction is inevitable.
Q. Define extinction:-
It is the dying out or termination of species because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members (genetic interbreeding poor mating, decline in population numbers ).
Q. state what type of biodiversity loss is illustrated in this scenario.
Habitat fragmentation is the process by which habitat loss results in the division of large, continuous habitats into smaller, more isolated remnants.
Q. compromise that would allow the population to survive and allow for the road project or neighborhood.
Mitigation
"mitigation," i.e., build the road but design it so as to minimise its impacts. For example, barren roadsides can be planted and stabilised by wire netting in order to reduce erosion, landslides, and sedimentation of streams. Stream culverts can be designed to minimise disruption of flow and bed morphology.
New roads can be located, and existing roads relocated, outside of critical wildlife habitats (such as moist meadows, shrub fields, riparian zones, and other Grizzly Bear feeding areas). Speed bumps and warning signs can be installed to slow down motorists and reduce roadkill. Reflective mirrors along roadsides and hood-mounted ultrasonic whistles are devices intended to warn animals of approaching death-machines, but are still of unproven benefit.
corridors were recommended by a committee of the American Ornithologists' Union. Some evdence suggests that Red-cockaded Woodpeckers may indeed disperse along such corridors, but not across long expanses of unsuitable habitat. The management of"roadside verges" for fauna and flora has a long history in Britain, as reviewed by J.M.Way in 1977.
Tunnels under roads were used as early as 1958 in the United Kingdom to reduce roadkill of badgers and have been used in several countries to reduce roadkill of amphibians (many frogs toads, and salamanders migrate to their breeding ponds on wet spring nights).
The Preferred Alternative
mitigation options should be applied only to roads already constructed, and which will be difficult to close in the near future (i.e., major highways). In such cases, construction of viaducts over important wildlife movement corridors (as documented by roadkills) and other critical natural areas should be vigorously pursued. Amphibian tunnels and other smaller underpasses also should be constructed where needed.
But the bottom line is that no new roads should be built, and most existing roads - especially on public lands - should be closed and obliterated. This is the preferred alternative!
Local roads should be closed within one season after use, and seismic trails and roads should be closed after operations have ceased.
"wilderness recovery areas" (a concept attributable to Dave Foreman). Buffer zones surrounding these core areas would have limited access for recreation and other multiple-use" activities consistent with preservation of the core preserves. Buffer zones also would insulate the core areas from the intensive uses of the humanised landscape. These large preserve complexes would be connected by broad corridors of natural habitat to form a regional network.
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