I\'m looking for help on number 2 Smallpox was a deadly viral disease that kille

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I'm looking for help on number 2

Smallpox was a deadly viral disease that killed millions every year. The first vaccine for the virus was created by Edward Jenner in 1796. Vaccination against smallpox became a global initiative in the latter half of the 20th century. It is a onetime vaccine that prevents smallpox infection. The virus was successfully eradicated in 1980. Another type of virus is the Flu virus. Yearly vaccination is still recommended. Why is flu vaccination recommended yearly, whereas a onetime vaccination for the smallpox virus provided lifelong immunity? 1. 2. You are scientist working for the Jedi order on Coruscant. You find that the Force producing Midiclorians depend on a metabolic pathway that includes a protein MIDI. Metabolism of MIDI requires the enzymes M, D, and C. The genes encoding these enzymes are part of one operon, and the product of gene S (Sith protein) regulates the transcription of these three genes. In a normal cell, protein F is always produced. A diagram of this operon is shown below Ps MDC a) Give a brief definition of an operon b) In a cell where there is a high level of S protein, you detect no transcription of genes M, D, undl You conclude that The S protein is (circle one) a repressor. an activator. c) In further study, you discover that transcription of the S gene is controlled by protein F (protein F is the product of gene F shown in the diagram), and MIDI binds to the S protein.

Explanation / Answer

1. The flu virus has the unusually high rate of mutation, as compared to smallpox virus. The vaccine which worked the last year will not work for flu, as the flu which is infecting this year is a mutant and a new type, which our body does not recognize. The flu virus is made of RNA genome, which has a high rate of mutation due to lack of proofreading in RNA polymerase. The smallpox genome is made of DNA, which is more stable and who replication is error free. Smallpox has no animal host to multiply and mutate, whereas the flu virus has multiple animal hosts and can easily mutate. Hence we need a yearly vaccination for flu and not for smallpox.

2. An operon is a cluster of two or more protein coding sequences and their regulatory sequences. operon has an operator, a promoter, a regulator, coding sequences and terminators. It functions under tight regulation and it can respond to changes in the flux of proteins or nutrient it is acting upon. In the given operon, there are 3 protein-coding genes, which are regulated by S, it has Ps a promoter of S protein; PMDC- promoter for genes M, D and C.

3. The high level of S --> no transcription of genes M, D and C. This means the protein S is inhibiting the gene expression. The protein S binds to the P-MDC and prevents the binding of RNA polymerase. So, S is a repressor.

4. The F+ condition is found in normal cells. The F+ induces the expression of S, thereby inhibiting the expression of M, D, C genes. When F- is the condition, the M, D, C are expressed.
The MIDI acts as an inducer of the operon. The presence of MIDI can overcome the inhibition of F+ and can induce M, D, C expression irrespective of presence or absence of S.

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