INQUIRYA Workbook of investigat leaves omnivores es Compare the relative sizes a

Question

INQUIRYA Workbook of investigat leaves omnivores es Compare the relative sizes and functions of the digestive systems in grazers and 5. Once a horse swallows a bolus of food and it enters the stomach, strong muscles at the cardiac end of the stomach prevent the animal from regurgitating its food. How does this differ from the swallowing process in ruminants? digestion of what type of macromolecule begins in the organism's stomach (the abo- masum in ruminants)? 7. The small intestine functions similarly in all three organisms. Describe its function. 8. The hindgut (structure of the digestive tract after the small intestine) in all three organisms contains a diverse population of fermenting microbes. These microbes release gases, as well as fatt the most hindgut fermentation occurs in horses. y acids and lactic acid, as waste products of fermentation. Of the three organisms, If a horse feeds on too much starchy grain, a lot of undigested carbohydrate will pass from the foregut into the hindgut. The same digestion feeds on spring grasses in the pasture. Grass plants produce many carbohydrate-rich leaves during the spring, but in the summer they produce more stem than leaf. Microbes that ferment the excess starch produce an increased level of lactic acid, which lowers the plH of the hindgut. Digestion in the hindgut stops and the horse often has to be treated for impaction. Why do you suppose excess starch halts digestion?

Explanation / Answer

5. In ruminants... They swallow and then food passes inside rumen and it regurgitates and moves into reticulum.

Here in horse regurgitation is prevented. In the horse, the food is not allowed to come back for further digestion.

6.

Plant material is initially taken into the Rumen, where it is processed mechanically and exposed to bacteria that can break down cellulose (foregut fermentation). The Reticulum allows the animal to regurgitate & reprocess particulate matter ("chew its cud"). More finely-divided food is then passed to the Omasum, for further mechanical processing. The mass is finally passed to the true stomach, the Abomasum, where the digestive enzyme lysozyme breaks down the bacteria so as to release nutrients. Use of plant material is thus indirect, with primary processing by the bacterial flora maintained in the stomach.

    The Perissodactyla (including horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs) have evolved a less efficient form of ruminant digestion. Bacterial fermentation occurs primarily in the intestine (hindgut fermentation), such that extraction of nutrients from plant material is less complete.

The abomasum is the “true stomach” of a ruminant. It is the compartment that is most similar to a stomach in a nonruminant. The abomasum produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, such as pepsin (breaks down proteins), and receives digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas, such as pancreatic lipase (breaks down fats). These secretions help prepare proteins for absorption in the intestines. The pH in the abomasum generally ranges from 3.5 to 4.0. The chief cells in the abomasum secrete mucous to protect the abomasal wall from acid damage.

7. Which three animals kindly specify.....

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