47. Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals would have the bighe

Question

47. Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals would have the bighest besal metabolic rate? A) Mouse B) Elephant C) Polar Bear D) Tiger 48. When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell? A) There is directed movement of molecules into and out of the cell B) There is random movement of molecules into and out of the cell C) All movement of molecules will be directed by active transport D) There is no movement of molecules into and out of the cell 49. Scientific studies led to the creation of drinks, such as Gatorade, which supply athletes with the proper balance of glucose and sodium. This recipe is based on the following knowledge A) A Na/glucose pump drives the co-transport of Na and glucose from the small B) A sodium pump drives the movement ofsodium from the small intestine C) A glucose pump drives the transport of glucose from the small intestine into e D) A Na/K pump drives the co-transport of Na and intestine into the epithelial cell. the epithelial cell. epithelial cell into the epithelial cell glucose from the small intestine 50. Drinking alcohol increases the rate of urination. Which of the following accovunts for this increase in urination? A) Alcohol stimulates ADH B) Alcohol has no effect on ADH Alcohol blocks ADH D) Alcohol causes more aquaporins to be inserted into the nephron s1. Filtration of blood into the nephron of the kidneys occurs based on A) The size of the particle B) The properties of the plasma membrane O The channels that are present D) The pumps that are present E All of the above

Explanation / Answer

47. Mouse would have the maximum basal metabolic rate per gram of tissue. Since mice have high surface area to volume ratio as compared to other animals given in the options, they lose more energy as heat. Hence they need to maintain higher metabolic rate to survive.

48. B. There would be random movement of molecules into and out of the cells. Since the cell is already in equilibrium with the environment, directed movement by passive or active transport would not occur. Also since we are talking about diffusible substances, there will always be some random movement (diffusion) into and out of the cell, although there will not be any net movement.

49. D. Na/K pump present in the mucosal linings of inteatine and renal tubules drive the cotransport of Na and Glucose. This pump transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell for influx of 2 K+ ions using ATP. This causes sodium deficit inside the cell or a downhill sodium gradient, from outside to inside. The SGLT proteins (sodium glucose transport proteins) use this downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose into the cell against the uphill glucose gradient. In this was both sodium and glucose are co-transported into the cells by SGLT proteins.

50. C. Alcohol decreases pituitary secretion of ADH which acts in kidneys to reabsorb water. Decrease in ADH levels stop reabsorption of water in the kidneys leading to higher volume of urine being formed.

51. E. All of the above.

The nephron consists of:

1. Renal capsule which filters particles like amino acids, vitamins etc.

2. The proximal convoluted tubule filters lacates, ketones and glucose.

3. Henle's loop reabsorbed water and ions like Na+ and Cl-.

4. The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs NA+, Ca+ through ion channels.

Hence all the given mechanisms occur in a nephron.

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