Describe factors that have impacted agriculture at the state, national and globa

Question

Describe factors that have impacted agriculture at the state, national and global levels.

Describe trends that are affecting the structure of the US animal agriculture industry.

Identify the factors that have contributed to the changes you have described in #3 in the US animal agriculture industry.

Describe how the economies of scale are important in influencing animal agriculture practices.

What are the three core components of sustainable agriculture?

What are the benefits of a sustainable agriculture system?

Describe a farm that is a sustainable agriculture operation.

Describe and define a local food system.

What is key in a local food system?

What are the benefits of community food systems?

Define an argument. Define an ethical argument. Why do we argue?

What makes a problem an ethical issue?

Define normative premise and describe how this is relevant to ethical arguments.

Describe the ethical theories discussed by Dr. James.

Develop an ethical argument as practiced in lecture with Dr. James about an issue discussed during the semester.

Describe the challenges of expanding global meat supply in relation to growing demand.

Define CAFO. Define AFO. What are the differences between these two types of operations?

Define Animal Unit. What are the limits of using this definition?

Describe the main differences between an animal waste management system and a municipal waste management system.

What are the main components of an animal waste management system?

What are the main objectives of the animal waste management system?

What are the two major emissions lost from the animal waste management system that are associated with a negative impact on the environment?

Describe factors that affect the degree of odors emitted from a livestock operation?

Describe the factors that impact the “offensiveness” of livestock operations.

Define key terms associated with water quality.

Define watershed and the watershed approach to water quality management. What are the implications of water quality management regulations based on watershed management?

What are the primary laws/acts that regulate water quality in the US?

What federal and state agencies are responsible for regulating water quality? What role does each agency serve?

Can a small farm be required to have a permit to operate a waste management? If so, why would this be the case?

Define a nutrient management plan.

What are the important components of a nutrient management plan?

What nutrients are being regulated/managed?

Why is having proper nutrient management important?

When describing “animal welfare”, what conditions must be met and/or supplied for the animals as outlined in the Five Freedoms?

What does the phrase “a rat is a dog is a boy” imply?

Compare and contrast Animal Rights and Animal Welfare.

Name a leader that has helped advance Animal Rights in the US.

Name two animal rights groups.

Name leaders who have served as advocates for animal welfare.

Describe how property rights have been established and what protects a citizen’s property rights.

Describe/define nuisance.

Define the ‘reasonable person test’ and how it can impact animal agriculture.

Why are consumers concerned about antibiotic resistant bacteria?

What has contributed to the increase in the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

What steps have been taken to reduce the prevalence and further development of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Will resistant organisms become more difficult to treat when infection does occur? Why or why not?

Will drug resistant variants always exist or can they be eliminated? Explain your answer.

Will antimicrobial use increase the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

When originally designed, the organic food movement focused on what aspect of food production?

What is the focus or benefits presented for the current organic production systems.

What criteria must a food meet to qualify to be labeled as an organic food?

Why is the market for organic foods increasing?

What other ‘terms’ are used to differentiate foods in marketing to consumers?

What is BSE? Why are consumers concerned about BSE?

What steps have been taken to protect the consumer and reduce their concerns about BSE?

What are the primary concerns with regards to food borne illnesses?

What steps have been taken to reduce the prevalence and further development of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Name the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that cause concerns about food borne illness.

What agencies in the US are responsible for keeping the US food supply safe?

Describe the general types of hazards that exist in the food supply.

Who is really responsible for food safety?

Discuss residue avoidance as it relates to animal products.

What are the steps the livestock industry has taken to reduce the risk of residue contamination in meat, milk and eggs?

Describe the circumstances that led horse meat to be used as a protein source by American consumers?

Describe the factors that led to the banning of horse slaughter in the US.

Describe the impact of the closure of horse slaughter plants in the US.

Explain how the media puts aside their bias?

What three problems and solution exist in relationship to how consumers and farmers communicate?

What types of companies are actively trying to have an effect on sustainability of their production operations?

In the past, how did farmers maintain a social license to operate?

In relation to sustainable systems framework, what weakness do farmers/producers suffer from?

What is the most important issue facing the future of animal agriculture? Justify your answer.

Explanation / Answer

Q1) Describe factors that have impacted agriculture at the state, national and global levels.

Agriculture is cultivation of plants and animals for production of food as well as food related products. There are various factors which puts impact on agriculture like Climatic, Economical, Technological and various other factors. Climatic factors include temperature, rainfall, altitude, wind, growing season, etc.

Impact of temperature:-

Most plants cannot grow if the temperature is below 6 degree or if the soil is frozen for around five consecutive months, this condition makes the area unsuitable for agriculture or crop production.

Impact of rainfall:-

Water is an important factor for plant growth, it is proportional to the temperature of a particular area when the temperature rises so also the amount of water required for plant growth. Seasonal variation is important because different crops require water at different times of the year like coffee requires a period of drought before and during harvest, but in case of maize heavy rain is necessery. Rice requires sufficient amount of water as it is a high yielding crop and has good nutritional value.

Impact of altitude:-

Altitude affects temperature, as a result it indirectly, affects the agriculture. When temperatures are consistently high with sufficient precipitation high yield crops like rice are grown. These crops can give a production of three crops a year.

Impact of wind:- Wind can poses a destructive effect on crops. In its most severe form a hurricane can physically destroy thousands of acres of farmland. They also dry soils, reducing the moisture content of soil and increasing the factors favouring soil erosion.

Impact of Growing season:-

This is the part of the year during which local weather conditions (like rainfall and temperature) remains normal for plant growth. While each plant or crop has a specific growing season based on their genetic adaptation, each crop requires different lengths of growing season, so based on the growing season the production of crop is affected , in

Impact of soil:-

Soil type also puts impact on cultivation because different crops require different types of soils. Clay soils having high water retention capacity are suitable for rice while sandy soils having good drainage are good for root vegetables.

Besides these climatic factors other factors influencing agriculture are-

Impact of capital or fund:-

In the developed countries,a well organized banking system is available, which helps the farmers in funding for crop production, government subsidies are also available.

In the developing countries the finance or capital support system is less developed, so the farmers depend on private money landers and other sources, who put huge interest on the farmers ,as a result they are not able to borrow money and do certain types of farming, which negatively impact the agricultural production.

Impact of technology:-

New technologies helps in increasing the crop production, green revolution is one such example, it took place due to intensive plant-breeding programme in Mexico. It positively impacted the agricultural production increasing the crop production. Examples are wheat varieties in Mexico and rice varieties in Philippines, doubled the world food output.

The gift of green revolution, the high yield variety of rice spread throughout the world mostly in developing world increasing the production and became a common feature of crop production.

Impact of Transport:-

Transport also plays an important role in agriculture, if the farmer has good transportation fascility for the produced crop, and has a good market for selling the crop, it puts positive impact on the cultivation of that crop.

Government policies also plays an important role in crop production.

These are the various factors which puts impact on agriculture at the state, national and global level.

Pollution, deforestation, climatic changes, soil erosion, genetic engineering are certain other factors which put negative impact on agriculture.

Pollution is the major source of all other factors, by the use of modern technologies lots of pollutants are generated to environment, also the land acquisition by humans destroying forest for making that area habitable by humans, puts great impact on agriculture .Deforestation causes the loss of habitat of millions of species, and leads to climate change, because trees act as the cooling system of earth, as well as natural sink of CO2. When the amount of co2 increases it increases the temperature of earth, as a result the seasons change as well as there is increase in temperature causing global warming.

Change of season negatively impact plant production that is agriculture, as the particular plant of that season not able to ripe in proper season.

Deforestation also causes soil erosion, as the trees are cut-down, there are no more roots to bind the soil as a result soil erosion takes place. Soil becomes dry because there is no leaf coverage which can keep the soil moist, this puts bad impact on crop production, due to change in quality of soil.

Genetically engineered crops are herbicide tolerant, so their overuse creates herbicide resistant varieties. Which are harmful for agriculture.

These are the various factors which put impact on agriculture.

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