1. What is endomembrane system? List and briefly describe its elements 2. How do
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Question
1. What is endomembrane system? List and briefly describe its elements 2. How does the differential centrifugation work and how is the behavior of the particle during the process desctibed? 3. Describe the density gradient centrifugation and how it works 4. Describe functions of rough ER 5. How is rough ER involved in quality control of the proteins? 6. Describe functions of smooth ER 7. How is smooth ER involved in carbohydrate metabolism? 8. How is smooth ER involved in drug detoxification 9. Describe structure and functions of the Golgi complex 10. Describe functions of lysosomes 11. List and describe the steps involved in endocytosis 12. List and describe the steps involved in pinocytosis 13. List and describe the steps involved in phagocytosis 14. Describe structure and function of the clathrin lattice 15. Describe steps and proteins involved in anterograde vesicle transport 16. Describe steps and proteins involved in retrograde vesicle transport 17. What do you need to follow a protein from ER to Golgi to secretory vesicles and to outside of the cell? Design an experiment 18. What is the most interesting for you topic was covered in Randy Scheckman's lecture on vesicle trafficking? Explain 19. Vesicle trafficking disease they presented do not list!Explanation / Answer
1. The membrane bound eukayotic cell organelles are enclosed in endomembrane system. The endomembrane system contains the cell organelles that modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. The cell organelles like nuclear envelope, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are included in the endomembrane system.
The nuclear envelope is double membraned structure that contains nucloplasm between two membranes. The pores in the nucear membrane allow the transport of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm. The mRNA is synthesized in nucleus is exported to cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is a continuous and extended organelle found in the cell. It is a fluid filled membranous system and is protein and lipid producing center. The ER is of two types – rough ER and smooth ER. The rough ER is composed of flat and interconnected sacs arranged in stacks. The rough ER is named so because it is studded with ribosomes giving granular appearance.The smooth ER is composed of interconnected tubules with fine mesh work. Smooth ER serves as the site for packaging and transporting the products synthesized by the ER.
The Golgi complex is a membraned cell organelle containing stacks of flattened sacs that are slightly curved. These sacs of Golgi complex do not contact each other and the sacs are thin in the middle with bulged edges. The number of Golgi complexes in a cell varies depending on the cell type.
The function of Golgi complex include is to process the raw materials synthesized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the final form. Golgi complex is also involved in sorting out and directs the finished product in the ER to the final destination such as exterior of the cell or to be used in the synthesis of plasma membrane.
Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles found in the cell with the degredative function. Lysosomes contain 40 different enzymes which are hydrolytic enzymes synthesized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and transported to Golgi complex and are packed in the budding lysosomes.The lysosomal enzymes when coming in contact with extracellular material internalize it through the process of phagocytosis which is a type of endocytosis.
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