Examine the following book value balance sheet: Assets Cash & Equivalents $2 Acc

Question

Examine the following book value balance sheet: Assets Cash & Equivalents $2 Accounts receivable 3 Inventories 7 Plant & equipment 10 Total $22 Liabilities & Net Worth Bonds: coupon = 8%, $10.0 Paid annually (maturity =10 years, current YTM (rd) = 9%) Preferred stock (par value 2.0 = $20 per share) Common stock (par value 0.1= $0.10) Accounts payable 9.9 Total $22 Note the following market factors: The preferred stock currently sells for $15 per share and the common stock for $20 per share, and there are 1 million shares of common stock outstanding (= $100,000

Explanation / Answer

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average rate of return a company expects to compensate all its different investors. The weights are the fraction of each financing source in the company's target capital structure.

Here is the basic formula for weighted average cost of capital:

WACC = ((E/V) * Re) + [((D/V) * Rd)*(1-T)]

E = Market value of the company's equity
D = Market value of the company's debt
V = Total Market Value of the company (E + D)
Re = Cost of Equity
Rd = Cost of Debt
T= Tax Rate

A company is typically financed using a combination of debt (bonds) and equity (stocks). Because a company may receive more funding from one source than another, we calculate a weighted average to find out how expensive it is for a company to raise the funds needed to buy buildings, equipment, andinventory.

Let's look at an example:

Assume newly formed Corporation ABC needs to raise $1 million in capital so it can buy office buildings and the equipment needed to conduct its business. The company issues and sells 6,000 shares ofstock at $100 each to raise the first $600,000. Because shareholders expect a return of 6% on theirinvestment, the cost of equity is 6%.

Corporation ABC then sells 400 bonds for $1,000 each to raise the other $400,000 in capital. The people who bought those bonds expect a 5% return, so ABC's cost of debt is 5%.

Corporation ABC's total market value is now ($600,000 equity + $400,000 debt) = $1 million and its corporate tax rate is 35%. Now we have all the ingredients to calculate Corporation ABC's weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

WACC = (($600,000/$1,000,000) x .06) + [(($400,000/$1,000,000) x .05) * (1-0.35))] = 0.049 = 4.9%

Corporation ABC's weighted average cost of capital is 4.9%.

This means for every $1 Corporation ABC raises from investors, it must pay its investors almost $0.05 in return.

It's important for a company to know its weighted average cost of capital as a way to gauge the expense of funding future projects. The lower a company's WACC, the cheaper it is for a company tofund new projects.

A company looking to lower its WACC may decide to increase its use of cheaper financing sources. For instance, Corporation ABC may issue more bonds instead of stock because it can get the financing more cheaply. Because this would increase the proportion of debt to equity, and because the debt is cheaper than the equity, the company's weighted average cost of capital would decrease.

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