Questions 44-48 Is the American Southwest, annually emerging cicadas are depende
ID: 270068 • Letter: Q
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Questions 44-48 Is the American Southwest, annually emerging cicadas are dependent upon the floodplain. Adult male cicadas the branches of the feed on the tree as shown is the food web. cotwoewood trees in the cottonwoods roots, and later perch in the cottonwood trees and chirp to antract females. Females lay their eggs in and, upon hatching,the cicada nymphs drop to the ground, barrow into the soil emerge as adults. Other organisms in the floodplain community prey on the cicadas, Kestrel Lizard Wasp Black Widow Sparrow Yellow Billed Cicada Figure 1. Food web in floodplain community Human activity has caused a decrease in the amount of flooding and an increase in the incidence of wildfires in the floodplain. In an investigation into the recent changes in the floodplain ecosystem, researchers monitored the soil temperature, amount of cottonwood ground coverage (ie, area of the ground that is shaded by leaves), and cicada emergence for a period from mid-June until late July. The results of the investigation are represented in Figure 2 and Figure 3. 7/23 7/18 7/131 7/8 7/3 6/28 6/23 28 24 20 618 6/13 l8 18 20 22 24 26 28 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cottonwood Ground Coverage (percent) Mean June Soil Temperature ("C) Figure 2. Effect of cottonwood ground coverage on soil temperature Figure 3. Relationship between soil temperature and cicada emergence date To assess the impact of wildfires on soil temperature and cicada emergence, the researchers compared mean emergence dates for two natural sites where portions had been affected by wildfire. In addition, cicada emergence was monitored at an experimental site where the soil temperature was experimentally maintained. The data are shown in the table.Explanation / Answer
48(D): Cicada nymphs mature to adults faster in warmer soil than in cooler soil. Because cicadas emergence is temperature driven; the warmwer the temperature, the faster the emergence.
49(D): Ammonia secretion requires a large volume of water and was therefore selected against in terresterial vertebrates. Ammonia storage is highly toxic but fish can handle the situation due to their environment(the large volume of water). Fish have no need to store ammonia as they continuously excrete it directly into the water while terrestrial vertebrates excrete urea or uric acid which is less toxic to store and it also helps them to coserve water
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