**PLEASE READ DEBRIEF UNDER THE QUESTION AFTER READING THE QUESTION** Summary: C
ID: 272379 • Letter: #
Question
**PLEASE READ DEBRIEF UNDER THE QUESTION AFTER READING THE QUESTION**
Summary: Choose an extreme environment and an organism and talk about how the organism adapted to that environment. Include atleast four body systems for that organism, 3 of those body systems is mentioned below, and 1 more body system is mentioned at the end of the question.
DEBRIEF:
First of all thank you if you are going to help in this assignment and I want you to know that high rating and upvote will be given out if you do it correctly. Now, please don't pick a boring organism or boring environment because it will make the assignment slow and boring for you, what I am looking for here is extreme environment that is not normal, you could invent the environment, the weirder and more extreme the environment, the easier the assignment is. Take examples of existing body organisms and modify them so that they work. Make stuff up, and a sketch is optional. ULTIMILEY you are supposed to come up with an organism and include 3 of the four systems: gas exchange, feeding & digestion, osmoregulation & excretion and/or circulation. And then you got to include 1 more body system such as reproduction, endocrine, muscular/skeletal system (locomotion), immune/defense or nervous system/sensory organs. you also need to describe the environment and describe the organism it self and how it adapts to the environment. If you can’t get started then take an example you know and like and through it in a completely different environment and follow the rules above.
2. Design/invent an animal plant/microbe/alien that lives in an extreme habitat. Make sure to describe the aspects of the environment that make it "extreme". You must include a basic description of the organism (size, shape, major body structures--as appropriate). For three of these four body systems--gas exchange, feeding & digestion, osmoregulation & excretion and/or circulation--describe what is special/unique/different from a "normal" organism that allows it to survive in its environment. Also include at least one more system (as appropriate for your organism) out of these reproduction, endocrine, muscular/skeletal system (locomotion), immune/defense or nervous system/sensory organs. (15 points)Explanation / Answer
Let us take an example of extremophile organisms, which are organisms known to survive under different extreme environmental conditions, which are detrimental to most of the life forms on earth. An example of such an organism is Deinococcus radiodurans which is one of the most radiation resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records.
D. radiodurans is a large, spherical bacterium, with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 µm. Four cells normally stick together, and form a tetrad. Colonies are smooth, convex, and pink to red in color. The cells usually stain Gram positive. This organism does not form endospores and is non-motile.
The organism is an obligate aerobe, that is, it needs oxygen to grow and survive. In a process called as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy. These organisms are chemoorganoheterotrophs, that is, they use oxygen to derive energy from organic compounds in their environment. A chemoorganoheterotrophic organism is one that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development, and that produces its energy from the oxidation and reduction (redox) of an organic compound. This group of organisms can be further subdivided according to what kind of organic substrate and compound they use. Decomposers are examples of chemoorganoheterotrophs which obtain carbon and electron reactions from dead organic matter. Herbivores and carnivores are examples of organisms that obtain carbon and electron reactions from living organic matter. D. radiodurans is often found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as soil, feces, meat, or sewage, but has also been isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments and textiles.
D. radiodurans is capable of withstanding an acute dose of 5,000 grays (Gy) (Gray is defined as absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter), or 500,000 rad, of ionizing radiation with almost no loss of viability, and an acute dose of 15,000 Gy with 37% viability. A dose of 5,000 Gy is estimated to introduce several hundred double-strand breaks (DSBs) into the organism's DNA. Deinococcus radiodurans also has a unique ability to repair damaged DNA. It usually repairs breaks in its chromosomes within 12–24 hours by a 2-step process. Firstly, it reconnects some chromosome fragments by a process called single-stranded annealing. In the second step, multiple proteins mend double-strand breaks through homologous recombination. This process does not introduce any more mutations than a normal round of replication would. It has been suggested that the bacterium uses manganese complexes as antioxidants to protect itself against radiation damage.
In the case of this organism, as it is a microbe, a developed and robust excretion mechanism is not present. But it can excrete damaged nucleotides and degrade oxidized nucloetiodes with the help of nudix hydrolases, which are a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes capable of cleaving nucleoside diphosphates linked to x (any moiety).
Deinococcus radiodurans undergoes binary fission to reproduce. This is a quick, asexual form of reproduction, and under labpratory conditions, D. radiodurans can reproduce every hour. Binary fission is the process in which the cell first duplicates its DNA, and grows to a much larger size than the cell naturally is.The two complete sets of DNA move to opposite corners of the large cell, at which time the cell splits into two daughter cells.
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