Factors responsible for the polarity of the water molecule include: a. The simil
ID: 272428 • Letter: F
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Factors responsible for the polarity of the water molecule include: a. The similarity in electron affinity of hydrogen and oxygern b. The tetrahedral structure of liquid water c. The magnitude of the H-O-H bond angle d. The ability of water to hydrogen bond to various chemical structures e. The difference in bond strength between hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds 8. 9. Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins 10. In what way are alpha helices of proteins different from beta sheets 11. What determines the sequence of the amino acids in a protein? 12. Draw the amino acids alanine, serine and isoleucine and then show how a dehydration reaction will form peptide bonds in the tripeptide. Which of the amino acids has a polar R group and which one has a non-polar R group? Name the tripeptide 13. Diagram the flow of genetic material in a cell.Explanation / Answer
8. the water molecule has a bent structure and electoengative oxygen molecule which makes it a polar molecule, so the answer should be C.
9. The primary structure is related to the formation peptide bonds, this is the formation of amide bonds between amino acids which forms long chains. Force of chemical bonds maintains the primary structure.
The secondary structure is the chains that folds itself due to H-bonds between polypeptide chains usually forming helices with a regular proteins. The forces that maintain the structure is H-bonds primarily.
The tertiary structure contains a three-dimensional structure of protein molecules. The helices sheets are folded into a compact globular structure where the hydrophilic residues are directed outside and the hydrophobic are concealed inside to avoid the water around. The forces that stabilizes the tertiary structure are disulphide bonds in cysteine residues, H-bridge bonds, ionic interactions and Van der Waals interactions.
The quaternary structure is a 3-D structure that gives protein its biological function and is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions and disulphide bonds as the tertiary structure.
10.
The alpha helix and the beta sheet both are secondary protein structures.
The alpha helix is a polypeptide chain that is rod-shaped and coiled in a spring-like structure, held by hydrogen bonds. A helix can be left-handed (beta) or right-handed whereas the alpha helix is always right-handed.
Beta pleated sheets are made up of beta strands connected laterally by two or more hydrogen bonds forming a backbone. Each of beta strand, or chain, is made of 3 to 10 amino acid residues. The chains are aligned side-by-side with every other chain situated opposite to the other. These are also held together by hydrogen bonds, but the bonds in the beta sheet are inter-molecular, occurring outside the chain, connecting the two (or more) chains, while those of the alpha helix are intra-molecular, only occurring within the chain itself.
11. The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, which determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. The DNA sequence of a gene can be used to predict the mRNA sequence, and the genetic code can in turn be used to predict the amino acid sequence.
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