2) Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But the cells need insulin, a hormone,

Question

2) Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But the cells need insulin, a hormone, in your bloodstream in order to take in the glucose and use it for energy. With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough insulin, it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both. Since the cells can't take in the glucose, it builds up in your blood. High levels of blood glucose can damage the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys, heart, eyes, or nervous system. That's why diabetes- especially if left untreated - can eventually cause heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage to nerves in the feet. a) What is the difference between type I and type II Diabetes (T1DM,T2DM)? Can they both be helped with insulin injections, even if DMT2 may results from insulin intolerance? New drugs on the market for T2DM include: Invokana, Farxiga- they work not by helping your body make insulin, but by eliminating glucose through urine. They inhibit the sodium/glucose co-transporter, so the kidney will be prevented from reabsorbing glucose, reducing blood sugar levels. b) What do you think happens to glucagon levels when this transporter is inhibited with these class of drugs, and glucose is excreted in urine and glucose levels are lowered? Would this increase endogenous glucose production? What happens to glycogen?

Explanation / Answer

a) In diabetes mellitus high blood sugar level is sustain over a prolonged period of time. It can be of two types- type I & type II. Below are the differences between type 1 & type 2 are describe-

In case of type DMT2 people become insensitive to insulin. That is insulin doesn't reduce blood glucose levels as much as it should & thus developing hyperglycaemia. To avoid this insulin have to inject. Thus insulin injection can help in both DMT1 & DMT2.

b) Glucagon levels will increase as body will try to compensate glucose loss by increase the endogenous glucose production. Stored glycogen is converted to glucose during this time.

Type 1 Type 2 Here body's immune system attacks insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas Here body is unable to respond properly to insulin (insulin resistance) Commonly associated with weight loss commonly associated with excess body weight More common among children and adolescents Generally developed after 30 years Have to take insulin to control it Sometimes it's possible to control without taking insulin

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