please write easy to understand terms. Describe what an ionic bond is, what a co
ID: 274653 • Letter: P
Question
please write easy to understand terms.
Describe what an ionic bond is, what a covalent bond is, and what a hydrogen bond is.
Describe the difference in a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond.
Describe hydrogen bonds
Be able to discuss whether the water molecule is a polar or non-polar molecule. Around which atom of the water molecule is the negative charge? The positive charges?
Describe the difference in solvent versus solute
What does it mean to say that a substance is hydrophilic versus hydrophobic?
What is the definition of concentration?
Why does liquid water flow as a liquid when poured? Hint: you need to describe cohesion, what is it, and how it holds water together
What does pH stand for?
How do we describe an acid
How do we describe a base
Apply the pH scale: What are the ranges of numbers, which are acidic, which are basic, which is neutral?
Alkaline and basic are terms meaning the same thing
What is a buffer?
Describe how acids and bases can cause burns or corrosion (see video…you need to answer with a mechanism. What is the acid or base doing to the substance being burned or corroded?)
Explanation / Answer
1) Covalent bonds: It is type of bond in which a lone pair of electrons is shared in between two atoms.
Ionic bonds: In this type of bonding one type of atom of donate elections to other atom making it more negative and donor atom becomes more positive making a strong bond by positive and negative interactions.
Hydrogen bond: It is a bonding between a hydrogen molecule of one atom and highly electro negative molecules of other atom
2)
Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair
A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair
Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value of 2.1, therefore the covalent bond between them is considered nonpolar
Example: In H-Cl, the electronegativity of the Cl atom is 3.0, while that of the H atom is 2.1
3) Hydrogen bond: The hydrogen bond is really a special case of dipole forces. A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial negative charge. The hydrogen then has the partial positive charge.
Hydrogen bonding is usually stronger than normal dipole forces between molecules. Of course hydrogen bonding is not nearly as strong as normal covalent bonds within a molecule - it is only about 1/10 as strong. This is still strong enough to have many important ramifications on the properties of water.
4) Water is polar bond molecule. There is slight negative charge on the molecule of oxygen atom and positive charge around the hydrogen atoms which causes the bent shape of water molecule. Hydrogen and oxygen are both acting as nonmetals under ordinary conditions, but oxygen is quite a bit more electronegative than hydrogen, so the two atoms form a covalent chemical bond, but it's polar.
5)
SOLUTE
SOLVENT
Solute is dissolved in the solvent
Solvent dissolves the solute which is added to it
Boiling is higher than the solvent it requires high temperatures to melt and boil
It has less boiling than solvent
Found in solid, liquid and gaseous state
Found in liquid state.
6) Hydrophobic : Hydrophobic substance is water-resistant substance which doesn’t allow water .Like mixing of water and oil molecules oil is hydrophobic molecule in water.
Hydrophilic: Substance is water loving molecules which readily dissolve in water molecules.
7) Concentration: concentration refers to the amount of a substance per defined space. It is also called as ration of solute to total amount of solvent.
8) Water molecules are stick together by cohesive forces and these forces also dictate the attachments of water molecules with other substance. When water is poured on glass molecules less amount of resistance is seen which makes water molecules cohesive and water molecule stay together.
9)pH is the measure of acidy and alkanity of an aqueous solution.
10) Acid: If a solution has more hydrogen (positive) ions than hydroxyl (negative) ions then it is acidic and has a pH in the range of 0 to 6.9
11) Base: if a solution has more hydroxyl (negative) ions than hydrogen (positive) ions then it is alkaline with a pH in the range of 7.1 to 14.
12) Bases are substances that react with acids and neutralize them. They are usually metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates or metal hydrogen carbonates. Many bases are insoluble - they do not dissolve in water. If a base does dissolve in water, we call it an alkali.
Alkaline solution/compound is the same as a basic solution/compound. But you can specify "alkali" to refer to those bases that are soluble in water and that are salts of alkaline or alkaline earth metals too.
13) Buffer: Buffer is mixture of weak acid and conjugate base. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it.
14) Acids and bases a layer of halides and hydroxides on the metals which results in rust formation this is due to reaction of acids and bases with air molecules and moisture forming corrosion or rust.
Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair
A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair
Example: In H-H each H atom has an electronegativity value of 2.1, therefore the covalent bond between them is considered nonpolar
Example: In H-Cl, the electronegativity of the Cl atom is 3.0, while that of the H atom is 2.1
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