Can you help me with these Qs about (Indirect Antiglobulin Test)?? 2. A sample g
ID: 274770 • Letter: C
Question
Can you help me with these Qs about (Indirect Antiglobulin Test)??
2. A sample gives a 1+ reaction in the immediate spin phase of testing. It is negative in the 37' C and AHG phases. Explain why this may have occurred. A pregnant woman has received an Rh Immune Globulin shot. What result would you expect to see on her indirect antiglobulin test? Why? 3. 4. What are cold reacting antibodies? Why might they be clinically significant? 5. What is cold agglutinin syndrome or disease? 6. What does a positive test result mean in a cold agglutinin disease? 7. Name five clinically significant antibodies.Explanation / Answer
2. Because antibodies may not be active at this temperature therefor it will not form the agglutination hence will not be positive.
3. If a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood is pregnant with a baby (fetus) with Rh-positive blood, Rh sensitization may occur. The baby may have Rh-positive blood if the father has Rh-positive blood. Rh sensitization happens when the baby's blood mixes with the mother's blood during pregnancy or delivery. This causes the mother's immune system to make antibodies against the baby's red blood cells in future pregnancies. This antibody response is called Rh sensitization and, depending on when it happens, can destroy the red blood cells of the baby before or after it is born. If sensitization happens, a fetus or newborn can develop mild to severe problems (called Rh disease or erythroblastois foetalis In rare cases, if Rh disease is not treated, the fetus or newborn may die.
if a pregnant woman get a shot of Rh immunoglobulin then it will stops sensitization from occurring.
4. cold reacting antibodies are usually macroglobulin antibodies which agglutinate red cells strongly at reduced temperatures and which usually cause little or no agglutination at body temperature. They are present in high titer in the serum of patients who have hemolytic anemia and cyanosis and other peripheral vasomotor phenomena on the extremities on exposure to cold.
These are clinically significant, react at 37C with IgG less easily destroyed by enzymes due to structural location
Cold agglutinin disease is a rare type of autoimmuno hemolytic anemia in which the person’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own red blood cells. When affected person’s blood is exposed to cold temperatures, certain proteins that normally attack bacteria (IgM antibodies) attach themselves to red blood cells and bind them together into clumps (agglutination). This eventually causes red blood cells to be prematurely destroyed (hemolysis) leading to anemia and other associated signs and symptoms.
The Clinically significant antibodies are Rh (D, C, c, E, e), Kell (K, k), Duffy (Fya, Fyb), Kidd (Jka, Jkb), S, s.
The result of a cold agglutinin test is typically reported as a titer, higher number means it is positive and if positive, it means there are more autoantibodies present. Higher titers of autoantibodies and those that react at warmer temperatures are associated with hemolytic anemia and worse symptoms.
The degree of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and hemolytic anemia will vary from person to person and with each episode of cold exposure. Some conditions, such as infectious mononucleosis, are frequently associated with elevated cold agglutinins but rarely associated with anemia.
Sometimes a cold agglutinin test may be run at one or more additional temperatures that are lower than body temperature but warmer than 4°C, such as performed at 30°C (86°F) to determine the point at which the RBCs start to clump. This information may be important for someone who has chronically elevated cold agglutinins and is being considered for a surgery that involves body cooling.
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