Exercise 12.1from this website please answer all the questions https://evolution

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Exercise 12.1from this website please answer all the questions https://evolution4e.sinauer.com/

Part I: Single Instance Prisoner’s Dilemma

Check the box that says “New Opponent each round.” To start the simulation, click on either the Cooperate or Defect button.

First, try ten bouts of playing cooperate. In each of ten bouts, hit the Cooperate button. Record your score as well as that of the computer program.

Question 1. What score did you receive? What score did the computer receive?

Now play ten bouts of playing Defect. In each of the ten bouts, hit the Defect button. Record your score as well as that of the computer program.

Question 2. What score did you receive? What score did the computer receive? Compare your scores to those for Question 1.

Question 3. Based on your answers to Questions 1 and 2, which is the better strategy: Cooperate or Defect?

Part II: Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma

A critical feature of the early versions of the prisoner’s dilemma was that the players faced one another only once. Given that the opponents had no prospect of meeting up again, it did not pay to cooperate. What if players did play multiple bouts of a prisoner’s dilemma game? Would repeated rounds with the same players make cooperation a more profitable strategy?

To explore these questions, you will now play against the same opponent (played by the computer) for ten rounds. This player will have knowledge of the past moves you have made as well its own.

Check the box that says “Same Opponent each round.”

First, try ten bouts of playing Cooperate. In each of ten bouts, hit the Cooperate button. Record your score as well as that of the computer program.

Question 4. What score did you receive? What score did the computer receive?

Now play ten bouts of playing Defect. In each of the ten bouts, hit the Defect button. Record your score as well as that of the computer program.

Question 5. What score did you receive? What score did the computer receive? Compare your scores to those for Question 1?

Question 6. Based on your answers to Questions 4 and 5, which is the better strategy: Cooperate or Defect?

Question 7. Which strategies work best?

Question 8. Can you judge what strategy the computer is playing?

Explanation / Answer

Question 1: My Score -40; Computer's Score 135
Question 2: My Score 90; Computer's Score -60
Question 3: The better strategy would be to defect the opponent.

Question 4: My Score 100; Computer's Score 100
Question 5: My Score 15; Computer's Score -10
Question 6: The better strategy would be to cooperate with the opponent.

Question 7:
Cooperation is a more profitable strategy with repeated rounds with the same players. But when it comes to playing with new opponents each round, the opponent's chances of defecting you are higher when compared to playing against the same opponent each round.

Question 8:
Strategy used by the computer is Cooperation and Defecting depending on whether the player assumed is a new opponent or same opponent each time. When we check the box - New player each round, the computer is assuming the same and cooperating or defecting. For instance, if same player each round is selected by the player, the computer is assuming the same and cooperating more compared to defecting.

The concept of reciprocal altruism can be defined as an act of helping another individual while incurring some cost for this act. This could have evolved over time, since it might be beneficial to incur this cost, if there is a chance of being in a reverse situation where the individual who was helped before may perform an altruistic act towards the individual who helped them initially.
Applying this to a repeated prisoner’s dilemma would mean to cooperate unconditionally in the initial period and behave cooperatively (altruistically) as long as the opponent cooperates too. If chances of meeting the opponent who would turn out to be another reciprocal altruist are high enough, or if the game is repeated for many rounds, one could expect this form of altruism to evolve within a population.

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