ta centribution to cancer phenotype) DNA repairs defects lead cancer Driver vs p
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ta centribution to cancer phenotype) DNA repairs defects lead cancer Driver vs passenger mutations (contribution to cancer phenotype) Cell cycle control and cancer Growth factors, receptors, signal transduction, TF Failure of apoptosis leads to cancer P53 (know its normal function, how mutations contribute to cancer, recessive mutations) Retinoblastoma gene (RB) Proto-oncogenes vs. oncogenes 3 ways that oncogenes are activated How when RAS gets mutated it contributes to cancer How viruses contribute to canerExplanation / Answer
1)DNA repair defects cause a change in the nucleotide present at a specific position in the DNA sequence leading to a mutation. This occurs during error in the repair process leading to the hyperactivation of the cell signaling mechanisms inside the cell causing cancer. It can occur due to the effect of mutations, Ultra-violet radiations or the formation of free radicals which cause defects in the synthesis of the strands of DNA leading to the changes in the nucleotides strands of DNA. These types of DNA repair defects are called as mismatch-repair defects, excision repair defects and recombination and exchange repair defects and homologous recombination effects.
2)Driver mutations are those mutations that cause the development of the condition of cancer. Passenger mutations are those mutations that have a secondary role in the development of cancer as compared to driver mutations. Driver mutations are somatic mutations which lead to the development of cancer.
3)Cell cycle control involves the regulation of the proliferation and division of cells which pass through the different phases of cell cycle like G1, S, G2 and M phase. There are two checkpoint stages in the cell cycle like G1/S phase and G2/M phase of the cell cycle. These are accomplished through a set of cell regulatory kinase proteins or cell dependent kinases which get activated by the process of phosphorylation and regulate the cell cycle control inside the cell. Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of the cells due to mutation in the cell signaling proteins leading to a state of the hyper-activation of the cell signaling response inside the cell.
4)Growth factors --these are the essential factors required for the growth and proliferation of the cell like epidermal growth factors and neural growth factors. These growth factors bind to the cell surface proteins and activate the process of cell signaling inside the cell. The activation of the cell signaling proteins like MAPK( mitogen activated protein kinases) activates the cell signaling inside the cell. The signal gets transferred from the receptor to the inside of the cell and reaches the nucleus where the transcription process is regulated. The transcription factors bind to the response elements inside the cell and activate the process of cell signaling by regulating the process of transcription of specific genes inside the cell.
5)Failure of apoptosis leads to cancer. Apoptosis is ths stage of cell death due to toxicity and cell senescence due to ageing inside the cell. The failure of the death of the cells leads to the state of hyperactivation of the cells with activation of cell signaling and cell cancer.
6)p53 is a tumor suppressor protein which inhibits the proliferation and spread of cancer inside the human body. The mutation in this protein causes the loss of function of this protein leading to the activation of cancer in cells due to the loss of apoptotic activity of the cells.
7)Retinoblastoma gene is involved in the control of cell cycle proliferation inside the cell. It binds to the E2 F protein inside the cell.
8)Proto-oncogenes are those genes which do not cause cancer inside the cell. Oncogenes are those genes that cause cancer inside the cell. They activate the cell signaling proteins inside the cell.
9) Oncogenes are activated inside the cell by the activation of the cell signaling proteins inside the cell like the ras proteins, raf proteins leading to the activation of the MAPK proteins inside the cell. They are activated due to mutations of the cell signaling proteins, effect of ionizing radiations or the effect of chemicals which activate the cell signaling mechanisms inside the cell.
10) The mutations in RAS proteins activates the cell signaling by activating the other cell signlaing proteins inside the cell.
11) Viruses attack the cell surface membrane proteins and penetrate the cells of the immune system. They infect the body cells cause the secretion of various cytokines and interleukines inside the cell. They cause the degradation and disruption of the various cells of the body which have a function in the maintenance of the immune response inside the human body like T cells and Bcells. They cause the activation of the cell signaling inside the infected cells. The viral genome gets integrated inside the genome of the cell causing changes in the genome due to the alterations inside the sequences as long terminal repeat regions get integrated near the genes on the chromosome of the infected cell causing cancer inside the cell.
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