1. A zookeeper hypothesizes that changing the intensity of the light in the prim
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1. A zookeeper hypothesizes that changing the intensity of the light in the primate exhibits will reduce the amount of aggression between the baboons. In exhibit A, with a lower light intensity, he observes 36 incidences of aggression over a one month period. In exhibit B, with normal lights, he observes 42 incidences of aggression. Should he support or reject his hypothesis? a. Formulate a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis: Ho: HA: b. Formulate a prediction based on the null hypothesis: c. Conduct a Chi-squared test. Show your work for full credit! d. Analyze your results using the chi-squared table at the end of the document, and write a conclusion (be sure to address whether the null hypothesis is supported or rejected).Explanation / Answer
1. Since somatic cells undergo mitosis where the daughter cells receive same number of chromosomes, in the given case, the daughter cells will possess 2n = 8 chromosomes.
2. The germ cells undergo meiosis with the daughter cells having half the number of chromosomes, in the present scenario, the cells will possess 4 chromosomes.
3. The crossing over events which occur during meiotic division between prophase I and metaphase I where the exchange of genetic segments between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal chromosomes give rise to recombinant chromosomes.
4. Crossing over and independent assortment are two steps which create genetic variations. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes between prophase I and metaphase I of meiotic cycle creates new combination of genes in the daughter cells. Following this, random fertilization of gametes from each parent (derived after meiotic division) results in much variable genetic complement in the zygote formed.
5. Timing of meiosis in human females: meiosis I takes place during oogenesis and formation of primary oocyte and meiosis II takes place to give rise to haploid ovum (egg) and is completed when the egg is fertilized.
6. The primary spermatocytes (diploid) formed after mitotic division of germ cells (diploid) undergo meiosisI in human males, while the secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II followed by differentialtion and maturation to give rise to sperm cells (haploid).
7. The sex detrmination in bees, wasps and ants is known as haplodiploidy. In these, males are haploid which develop from unfertilized egg while females are diploid arising from fertilized eggs. This leads to greater relatedness in diploid females which increases to 3/4, which in other cases remains 1/2.
8.In honey bees, the drones (male bees) are derived completely from queen and are haploid in nature, having 16 chromosomes.
9.In contrast to humans where the males possess two kind of chromosomes determining the sex of the zygote, in birds, females carry two types of chromosomes ZW and males carry only one typr of chromosomes ZZ.
Unlike SRY gene on Y chromosome in human males, FET1 and ASW are two genes present in W chromosome of females for sex detrmination and development.
However, the probability of having male/female offsprong remains unchaged when compared to that of humans.
10. In humans, the sex of the zygote is determined by the chromosome from the sperm cells (X or Y) which fuse with the X chromosome in the egg cell. In woman, there are 44 + XX and men carry 44 + XY chromosomes. The gamete formation divides the diploid number to half and all eggs of female carry 22 + X chromosomes. In males, the sperms are of two types (22 + X and 22 + Y). Upon fertilization, the zygote carrying 44 + XY develops into boy while the zygote having 44 + XX into a girl.
Thus, it was King Henery's sperms which were responsible for the sex of the child born and not his wife, whom he killed for delivering a baby girl.
11. Parthenogenetic reporduction is a type of asexual reproduction which mainly occurs in some insects and aphids when the conditions are favourable and the offsrings are formed without any fertilization events from a signle parent.
Aphids reproduce via parthenogenetic reproduction.
12.
13. The SRY gene encoding for sex-determining region-Y (SRY) protein or Testis-determining factor (TDF) is involved in the sexual development of male and imparts male phenotype.
14. The crossing over events during the process of spermatogenesis may lead to transfer of SRY genes on X-chromosome.
15. The transfer of SRY gene on X-chromosome implies that Y-chromosome completely loses the gene and can no longer be involved in embryogenic development of male. The loss of this gene from Y-chromosome inhibits its function in the initiation of testis development leading to Swyer syndrome possessing XY karyotype and female phenotype.
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