(1) 10 pts. Suppose you perform a hypothesis test and obtain a p-value of 0.051

Question

(1) 10 pts. Suppose you perform a hypothesis test and obtain a p-value of 0.051 Explain how you would interpret this result. Now suppose the p-value is 0.049, and explain how you would interpret this value. Please be clear and brief. (2) 10 pts. Sleuth exercise 2.12. Please also describe the relative benefits of the (3) 10 pts. Sleuth exercise 2.16. Please include the results of the two-sided (4) 20 pts. Sleuth exercise 2.22. This is your first opportunity to write a statisi confidence intervals you found in parts (a) and (b). hypothesis test. cal summary. These summary statistical reports should follow the model of the "Summary of Statistical Findings" that follow each of the Case Studies in The Sleuth. Be sure to comment on the scope of inference.

Explanation / Answer

1)

P-value: The P value, or calculated probability, is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question is true – the definition of ‘extreme’ depends on how the hypothesis is being tested. P is also described in terms of rejecting H0 when it is actually true, however, it is not a direct probability of this state.

In the ideal world, we would be able to define a "perfectly" random sample, the most appropriate test and one definitive conclusion. We simply cannot. What we can do is try to optimise all stages of our research to minimise sources of uncertainty. When presenting P values some groups find it helpful to use the asterisk rating system as well as quoting the P value:

P < 0.05 *

P < 0.01 **

P < 0.001

Most authors refer to statistically significant as P < 0.05 and statistically highly significant as P < 0.001 (less than one in a thousand chance of being wrong).

P- value is 0.051>0.05. So we reject Ho. If p- value is 0.049<0.05, then we fail to reject Ho

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