Based on Earth History, answer the following questions correctly. Please answer

Question

Based on Earth History, answer the following questions correctly. Please answer this if only capable of answering, and don't copy paste an article from google.

- What are different potential causes of sea level rise? Give periods in earth history when each cause is relevant.

- How can we construct temperature in Earth’s past? What are different causes of global temperature fluctuations on Earth and over what timescales do they operate?

- How do you find the latitude and longitude of an euler pole? For a transform boundary? For a spreading center along a ridge-transform system?

- How would you determine the position of India in the Cambrian? Cretaceous?

Explanation / Answer

1. Causes of sea level rise:

a. Release of heat trapping gases into the atmosphere: The heat gases refers to the gases which are responsible in rising the temperature of the earth surface. These gases are realeased by burning fossil fuels, burning crackers, and other natural and human activities. This has been rapidly increased in the 20th century due to the incline in the usage of the fossil fuels.

b. Thermal expansion: The warmer the oceans are the warmer the air becomes as the water evaporates. Oceans ocuupy more than half of the earths space and hence this is one of the causes. This has been occuring from the very beginning of the existence of earth but has the very slightest increasing rate.

c. Melting Glaciers and Polar Ice Caps: Glaciers and the polar ice caps, melt slightly in summer. In the winter, snows, are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. Recently, higher temperatures caused by global warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as reduced snowfall due to later winters and earlier springs. This imbalance results in a significant net gain in the runoff to ocean evaporation, causing sea levels to rise. We have been witnessing this since 1980s.

2.  Researchers construct temperature in earth's past using data from climate proxy records, i.e., indirect methods to measure temperature through natural archives, such as coral skeletons, tree rings, glacial ice cores and so on. These are physical characteristics of the ancient past that help to estimate the weather conditions of that particular era. Untill measuring techniques for the Earth’s temperatures existed, climate proxies are the only means through which researchers can estimate the weather conditions of our planet till 1980s.

One of such techniques is determing temperatures from tree rings. The rings visible in a horizontal cross-section cut through the trunk of a tree are called tree rings. Note that tree rings can be wider or narrower depending on the existing climatic conditions when the tree was growing.

Natural calamities and activities such as volcanic eruptions, solar output and earth's orbit around sun and so on are the causes for the global temperature fluctuations.

3: Euler vectors provide a framework to the relative or absolute motions of tectonic plates through various geophysical observations.a reliable estimation of the Euler vector is important in many studies ranging from the estimation of slips along plate boundaries and paleomagnetic studies to the reconstruction of the plate tectonics. Since quantifying the motion of tectonic plates requires an assumption, the geometrical coverage of the available velocity vectors is limited to the rigid parts of the plate in question. This results in a multicollinear estimation problem, especially for smaller plates. Such multicollinearity can be observed in the high correlation between the Euler vector components, as well as between the Euler pole and its angular velocity. The correlations can be to such an extent that the Euler pole position and its angular rotation rate cannot be estimated directly, which arises from the collinearity of the rotation rate with either latitude or longitude of the Euler pole.

4.Cambrian Period: Cambrian Period is divided into four stratigraphic series, the Terreneuvian Series, Series 2, Series 3, and the Furongian Series. All these account from 541 million years ago till 485 million years ago.An area of peninsular India, consists of schists which is the oldest rock found in India. The Precambrian rocks of India have been classified into two systems, namely the Dharwar system and the Archaean system.The rocks of the Dharwar system are mainly sedimentary in origin, and occur in elongated shape resting on the gneisses found in Bellary district, Mysore and Rajputana. These rocks are enriched in manganese and iron ore which represents a significant resource of these metals. They are also extensively mineralised with gold and manganese. In the north and west of India, the Vaikrita system, which occurs in Hundes, Kumaon and Spiti areas, the Dailing series in Sikkim and the Shillong series in Assam are believed to be of the same age as the Dharwar system.

Cretaceous Period: The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in this period. Mid-ocean ridge activity, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were erupted in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

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