5) describe how tornadoes form, how they are classified, and how they cause dest
ID: 293189 • Letter: 5
Question
5) describe how tornadoes form, how they are classified, and how they cause destruction. Climate change 1) explain the difference between climate and weather, and describe the variables that determine the climate of a region. 2) recognize the boundaries among the Earth's major climate zones on a map and relate their locations to latitude and proximity to the ocean 3) interpret the factors that control the climate conditions that prevail in a region. 4) describe the techniques that researchers use to reconstruct climates of the past. 5) explain causes of both long-term and short-term climate change. 6) discuss how climate has changed in the recent past, and describe the consequences of this change. 7) evaluate evidence concerning modern-day global warming and its causes.Explanation / Answer
ANSWER-
Tornadoes is defined as a violently rotating column of air attendance by a funnel-shaped or tubular cloud extending downward from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud.They are most violent and very small in size and of short duration.The exact mechanism by which the tornadoes form is not clearly understood however,violent convection in conditionally and convectively unstable air column is the main cause of development.Tornadoes associated with cold fronts are easy to explain-
when cold and dry polar mass pushes the warm and humid tropical air mass aloft,instability is introduced in it.the latent heat of condensation retards the adiabatic rate in the rising warm and moist air to one-half or one-third of that in dry and cold air.thus the rising air currents reach great heights and moves spirally in a counterclockwise manner.the low pressure in the center of the air cloumn creates stronger winds.
Tornadoes are the strongest of all storms and destructive too that includes-demolition of well built structures ,destruction of concrete buildings and buckling high-rise structures,loss of lives.etc.
Classification of tornadoes-they are classified into following categories-
F-0 40-72 mph light damage.
F-1 73-114 mph moderate damage.
F-2 113-157 mph considerable damage.
F-3 158-205 mph violent damage.
F-4 207-260 mph devastating damage.
F-5 261-318 mph violent damage.
CLIMATE CHANGE-
1.) Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the long time measurement of the atmospheric conditions.
An ECV is a physical,chemical or biological variable/variables that contributes to characterize earth's climate.The data sources are surface and upper atmosphere and atmospheric conditions.Surface variables are- precipitation,pressure,surface radiation budget etc.;u.atmosphere variables includes- earth radiation budget,lightning,temperature,water vapor etc.;atmospheric properties includes-aerosols ,greenhouse gases,cloud properties,ozone,etc.
3.) The factors that control climatic conditions are as follows-
a) distance from the sea.
b) ocean currents.
c) direction of prevailing winds.
d) shape of the land.
e) distance from the equator.
f) the El Nino phenomenon.
4.) Reconstruction of past climates is based on the findings of geology ,geomorphology,botany,meteorology,oceanography,zoology,etc. Instrumental records of climatic elements are available only for the last hundred years.Various sources that makes the record are as follows-
a.) secular variation of climate on a scale of thousands to million years are provided by the fossilized remains of animal and plant life,that helps to determine the duration and areal extent of climatic conditions.For eg. fossil bones and teeth of the tropical hippopotamus found in England indicates that the climatic conditions was like tropical east Africa .
b.) another method is study of ocean floor deposits and analysis of oxygen isotopes that helps in the reconstruction of the past.The ocean floor deposits contain fossilized remains of sea-surface organisms whose number and types change in response to temperature changes.
c.) Analysis of the annual growth of tree rings which reveals the history of local climate.
5.) Causes of short-term change in climate are natural such as volcanic eruption,meteor impact,sunspot activity and anthropogenic such as the emission of green house gases and longterm change is due to sea level change ,variation in the earth's orbit as well as due to human activity .
6.) the recent age includes the time since the end of postglacial period i.e. around 11800 years ago.It is now commonly agreed that the main dry periods are dated about 2200-1900,1200-1000 and 750-500 BC.As a result,the lakes shrank in ara,and in certain localities trees grow on dry lake floors below the outlet.Dry period ended at about 500 BC .Soon afterwards there was a rapid change in climatic conditions.The level of caspian sea,also India and China provided an important clue to the past climatic conditions in Asia. It has been established through evidence,that at the beginning of the Christians era were much same as the present.there begana period of relative warmth and dryness about 400AD.Caspian sea was below its present level,Atlantic and the North sea were storm free so that there was much sea traffic off western Europe.Nile river has lower levels,China had a number of droughts during that time.since the beginning of the Christian era,there have been a number of climatic fluctuations thathave been documented.there has been a fluctuation in the level of the Caspian sea to the tune of 15meters.Glaciers from the Alps have spread out and retreated several times.Tree rings also bear testimony to the fluctuations in precipitation.
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