Explain step by step the signal transduction pathway of Epinephrine in the heart

Question

Explain step by step the signal transduction pathway of Epinephrine in the heart. b. What happens to the heart rate? a. What are the Cell Cycle Phases? b. Label with a star (*) the phase (s) that is/are INTERPHASE*** c. What are cells in the G_o phase of cell cycle doing? d. In what phase does cytokinesis occur? a. Two cell cycle checkpoints are: b. What does the cell "Check" at each of these checkpoints? Explain. What role do Cdk proteins have in cell cycle? b. What turns "ON" a Cdk? Explain. c. During which part of the cell cycle would M-cyclin be low?___high?___ d. Explain how M-cyclin levels go up?___

Explanation / Answer

11.a. Step1 Epinephrine secreted

Step2 Binds to beta adrenergic receptor

step3 G protein dissociation

step4 G alpha protein binds to adenylyl cyclase

step5 ATP converted to cAMP

step6 Protein kinase activation

11.b. As a result, Heart Rate increases.

12.a G1, S, G2 and M are the phases of cell cycle

12.b. G1 and G2 are the interphase.

12.c. G0 is the resting phase where cell stops dividing and performs normal physiological functions.

12.d Cytokinesis occurs in M phase.

13a. G1 and G2 are the tw checkpoints.

13b. G1 - checks for cell size, nutrients availability, growth factors, DNA damage.

G2- checks cell size and DNA replication.

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