7. What is transduction? (circle all that apply) (2 pts) A. Griffith discovered
ID: 303138 • Letter: 7
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7. What is transduction? (circle all that apply) (2 pts) A. Griffith discovered this process by his experiments with pneumococci. B. Infecting bacteriophage carry a piece of DNA from one cell to another. C. Cell-to-cell contact is required through the formation of a sex pilus. D. A cell must be competent in order for transduction to occur. 8. The first lines of defense of the innate immune response are (2 pts) A. skin B. mucous membranes C. ciliated respiratory tract D. secretions such as tears and saliva which contain enzymes E. all of the above 9. The normal microbiota can never cause any infections in the host, these are healthy bacteria which keep the host in a state of equilibrium. (1 pt) A. TRUE B. FALSE 10. An antigen is (1 pt) A. a molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody or immune lymphocyte. B. the variable region of an antibody C. the constant region of an antibody D. a cytokine. E. None of these choices are correct. 11. The inflammation process (2 pts) A. is designed to deliver the phagocytic cells to the site of injury B. requires the production of cytokines to promote chemotaxis and diapedesis of phagocytes D. always generates a fever response E a and b F. a, b, and c G. all of the above 12. The complement system (2 pts) A. consists of proteins that are found in the blood and tissues in an inactivated state until needed B. can be activated by the presence of antibody bound to antigen C. when activated results in cell lysis and inflammation D. promotes the phagocytosis of bacteria by coating them in complement protein C3b E. a and b F. b and c G. all of the above 13. Toll-like receptors (2 pts) A. are used by cells to identify the presence of microbes B. are pattern recognition receptors, bind specific parts that an C. when bound activate gene expression such as the production of cytokines D. a and b E. all of the above e unique to bacteriaExplanation / Answer
Answer no.7
B. Infecting bacteriophage carry a piece of DNA from one cell to another.
Transduction is the process of genetic recombination in bacteria in which genes from a host cell(a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of the bacterial virus(bacteriophage)and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection.
Answer no.8
E. All of the above are correct
The first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. These include skin, tears and saliva, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, friendly bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.
Answer no.9
False
If the normal microbiota escapes from the normal location, they can cause disease. For example, Escherichia coli, commonly found in the intestine, can cause urinary tract infections if introduced into the bladder.
Answer no.10
a) A molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody or immune lymphocyte
Specificity refers to the ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with one antigenic determinant. For example, the antibody produced against kidney antigen will react with only kidney antigen. A standard lock can be opened by its own key only as one antibody can react with its own antigen.
Answer no.11
F.)a,b and c
a large number of neutrophils(phagocytic cells)reach at the site of the injury first, sometimes within an hour after injury. After the neutrophils, often 24 to 28 hours after inflammation begins, there comes another group of white blood cells, the monocytes, which eventually mature into cell-eating macrophages.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines.
The complement system is made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection
option 'd' is incorrect because some inflammatory responses are silent, the may not generate any symptoms.
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