2. The association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been subjected

Question

2. The association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been subjected to considerable scrutiny. The following statements both strengthen the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer and move the evidence toward a causal relationship. Identify one criteria of causal association for each of the following findings. Note: there may be more than one correct answer but you need to identify only one. (1 point each answer; total of 4 possible) a. The risk of lung cancer increases as the daily consumption of cigarettes increases and/or as the duration of smoking lengthens b. Ex-smokers have lung cancer incidence rates intermediate between those of nonsmokers and current smokers c. Animal experiments have shown an increased incidence of precancerous lesions following tobacco and smoke inhalation d. Prospective studies agree with retrospective studies about the presence and direction of the association.

Explanation / Answer

a)- Dose-Response relationship

b)-Strength of association

c)-Coherence

d) - Experiment

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