Chi-Square Test 1.1 A research study indicates that prostate-specific antigen (P

Question

Chi-Square Test 1.1 A research study indicates that prostate-specific antigen (PSA), found in the ductal epithelial cells of the prostate, is specific for prostatic tissue and is detectable in serum from men with normal prostates and men with either benign or malignant diseases of this gland. They determined the PSA values in a sample of 135 men who underwent a prostate biopsy. 71 of the men had elevated PSA values (> 4 ng/mL). Of these, 45 were diagnosed as having cancer, 21 of the 64 men with PSA values

Explanation / Answer

Since the p- value < 0.1, the likelihood of having cancer depends upon the PSA values.

Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence    Cancer   No Cancer   Total   PSA > 4 Observed   45 26 71 Expected   34.71 36.29 71.00 O - E   10.29 -10.29 0.00    (O - E)² / E   3.05 2.92 5.97 PSA 4 Observed   21 43 64 Expected   31.29 32.71 64.00 O - E   -10.29 10.29 0.00 (O - E)² / E   3.38 3.24 6.62 Total Observed   66 69 135 Expected   66.00 69.00 135.00 O - E   0.00 0.00 0.00 (O - E)² / E   6.43 6.15 12.59 12.59 chi-square 1 df .0004 p-value

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