A researcher wants to assess the association between the prevalence of high bloo
ID: 3048672 • Letter: A
Question
A researcher wants to assess the association between the prevalence of high blood pressure and amounts of processed foods. Data are presented below to evaluate whether the education level is a confounder of effect modifier for the association of interest. Which of the statement is correct (assuming a 5% significance level)?
Diet Low in Processed Foods
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
124
55
179
High School Education
69
152
221
Total
193
207
400
Diet High in Processed Foods
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
64
85
149
High School Education
98
153
251
Total
162
238
400
A) Education level is a confounder
B) Education level is an effect modifier
C) Education level is neither a confounder nor an effect modifier
D) Education level does not influence the association between the prevalence of high blood pressure and amounts of processed foods
Diet Low in Processed Foods
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
124
55
179
High School Education
69
152
221
Total
193
207
400
Diet High in Processed Foods
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
64
85
149
High School Education
98
153
251
Total
162
238
400
Explanation / Answer
Answer:
A researcher wants to assess the association between the prevalence of high blood pressure and amounts of processed foods. Data are presented below to evaluate whether the education level is a confounder of effect modifier for the association of interest. Which of the statement is correct (assuming a 5% significance level)?
Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence
Diet Low
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
124
55
179
High School Education
69
152
221
Total
193
207
400
57.35
chi-square
1
df
0.0000
p-value
Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence
Diet high
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
64
85
149
High School Education
98
153
251
Total
162
238
400
0.59
chi-square
1
df
.4413
p-value
The association between education and BP is significant in low diet group ( chi square =57.35, P=0.0000) and not significant in high diet group( chi square =0.59, P=0.4413).
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
188
140
328
High School Education
167
305
472
Total
355
445
800
37.72
chi-square
1
df
0.0000
p-value
Overall the association between education and BP is significant ( chi square =37.72, P=0.0000)
A) Education level is a confounder
B) Education level is an effect modifier
Answer: C) Education level is neither a confounder nor an effect modifier
D) Education level does not influence the association between the prevalence of high blood pressure and amounts of processed foods
Note: diet is the effect modifier
Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence
Diet Low
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
124
55
179
High School Education
69
152
221
Total
193
207
400
57.35
chi-square
1
df
0.0000
p-value
Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence
Diet high
Normal BP
High BP
Total
College Education
64
85
149
High School Education
98
153
251
Total
162
238
400
0.59
chi-square
1
df
.4413
p-value
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